Nature's Evil

Sweden 17 , 27 , 55 , 109 , 136 , 141 , 146 –7, 150 –1, 154 , 158 , 189 , 201 , 239

Swedenborg, Emanuel 150

Tacitus 1

Taiping Rebellion 79 –80

Tambor volcano 36

tar 16 , 18 , 24 , 95 , 101 , 104 , 156

Tarbell, Ida 255

tariffs 37 , 104 –5, 122 , 124 , 182 , 184 , 192 , 197 , 217 , 256

Tatarstan 262

Tatishchev, Vasily 27

taxation 23 –4, 45 , 63 , 157 , 233 , 266 –7, 280

and representation 267 , 295

tea 25 , 43 , 45 , 56 –7, 62 –3, 68 –9, 71 , 74 , 78 , 80 –3, 117 , 168 –9, 171 –3

textiles 3 , 32 , 36 –7, 48 , 69 , 72 , 82 , 86 , 114 –15, 117 –26, 134 –5, 144 , 175 , 217 , 242 , 244 –7, 268 , 285

thermodynamics 174

Thirty Years’ War 24 , 51 , 145

Thom, Robert 241

Thomas, Dalby 69 , 71

Thomas, Keith 18

Thoreau, Henry 42

Thucydides 129

Thünen, Johann Heinrich von 35 –6

Tiberius 1 –2, 129

timber 13 –19, 22 –3, 25 , 31 , 48 , 54 , 57 , 59 , 100 , 102 , 114 , 141 , 143 , 152 –4, 156 , 177 , 195 , 199 –200, 228 , 231 , 240 , 242 , 256 , 275

and mines 15 , 19 , 143

and ships 15 –17

Time of Trouble(s)

historical 51 , 102 , 145 , 157

metaphorical 131 , 178

Tlingits 58

tobacco 34 , 43 , 49 , 58 , 62 –3, 78 , 82 –3, 91 , 93 –4, 97 , 105 , 117 , 144 , 169 , 174 , 177 , 188 , 191 , 198 , 200 , 202 , 207 , 209 , 212 , 217 , 268 , 275 , 284

and sugar 68 –71, 83 , 115 , 185

Tocqueville, Alexis de 205

Tolstoy, Lev 42

Tomsk (Siberia) 258

Tordesillas meridian 137 –8

Torgsin (Soviet pawn shops) 60 , 181 , 293

Torriano, Nathaniel 172

toxicity 63 , 69 , 79

vs. elasticity 63

see also addiction

trade 3 , 6 , 12 , 18 , 28 , 51 , 72 , 77 –82, 88 –90, 123 –4, 138 , 141 , 166 , 172 –4, 178 , 194 , 207 –9, 251 –4, 272 , 284 –5

free trade 36 –7, 55 , 76 , 113 , 182 , 200 –3, 216 , 228 , 234 , 262

local vs. long-distance 14 , 24 –6, 35 , 40 , 47 –8, 57 , 62 –6, 98 –107, 111 –15, 162 , 165 , 169 –71,192 , 208 , 212 –13, 215 , 233 , 236

and perishability 40 –1, 46 , 126 , 163 , 168 –70

and state formation 46 , 52 –4, 59 –61, 197 –9

and subsistence 30 –3, 83 , 109 , 117 , 212

and taxation 22 , 49 –50, 56 , 73 , 109

triangular trade 44 –5, 67 –70

trade unions 227 , 246 , 248 –9, 264

tragedy of the commons 4 , 232 , 281 , 298

transhumance 107 –8, 212

transportation 17 –19, 26 , 32 –5, 40 –1, 44 , 52 , 54 , 68 , 72 , 82 , 86 –7, 108 , 123 , 169 , 177 , 194 , 198 , 232 , 251 –3, 256 , 262 , 268

see also costs

Treaty of Paris 45 , 213

Treaty of Utrecht 184

Treaty of Versailles 225 , 227 –8, 248

Trinidad 85 , 154

Trotsky, Leon 60 –1

Tula (central Russia) 156

Turkestan 123 –4

Turtzo, Johann 137

Ukraine 33 , 35 , 146 , 227 , 262 , 268 , 273

Ulster plantation 100 , 103

United States 43 , 54 , 60 , 260 –2, 270 –3, 279 , 281 –2, 297 , 299

Urals 32 , 46 –7, 121 , 156 , 158 –9, 246 , 262 , 328

urbanisation 34 , 69 , 121 , 125 , 281 , 290

Uruguay 41

USSR see Soviet Union

utilitarianism 175 -6, 182 , 226 , 274

Uzbekistan, Uzbeks 92 , 98 , 122 –4

Vasari, Giorgio 288

vegetarianism, veganism 40 –3, 61

Venezuela 4 , 182 , 260 , 262 –5, 267 , 269 –70, 272 , 276 , 283

Venice 17 , 31 , 40 , 64 –5, 67 , 90 –1, 94 , 114 , 134 –7, 146 , 166 , 192 , 208 , 236 , 292

Venyaminov, Innokenty 60

Vermuyden, Cornelius 234

Versailles 150 , 188 , 215 –16, 225 , 227 –8, 248 , 281

Vespasian 1

Vikings 16 , 46 , 49 , 133 , 150 , 155 –6

Vinius, Andrey 156

Virginia 34 , 70 , 87 , 94 , 102 –3, 105 , 195 , 212

viruses 61 , 250 , 287 , 190 , 198

Vishny Volochok canal 32

vitrification 149 , 154 , 233

Volga river 33 , 51 , 99 –101, 103 , 123 , 181 , 227 , 256

Vologda (northern Russia) 99

Voltaire 61 , 105 , 160 , 184 , 187 –8, 195 –6, 216 –17, 235

Vyg river 157

Wallerstein, Immanuel 161

Walpole, Robert 113 , 185

War of the Spanish Succession 187

water 5 , 21 , 36 , 43 , 45 , 64 –6, 86 , 95 –6, 169

and transportation 11 –12, 32 –3, 35 –6, 40 , 54 , 169 , 204

and consumption 43 , 290

and drainage 21 , 231 –7

watermills 24 , 119 –22, 133 , 136 –7, 143 , 150 , 159 , 200 , 212 , 231 , 240 –2, 246 , 278 , 287

floating, 241

Watt, James 116 , 203 , 223 , 239 –40

Weber, Max 222

welfare state 265 , 274 , 299

West Indies 45 , 68 –73, 116 , 170 , 176 , 184 , 215 –17, 221

wetlands (marshes, bogs) 8 , 11 , 21 –2, 24 , 54 , 64 , 116 , 130 , 143 , 155 –6, 200 , 231 –7, 290 , 292

whales 59 , 101 , 135 , 254

wheat 3 , 5 , 9 , 23 –37, 51 , 59 , 76 , 109 , 135 , 152 , 212 –17, 226 –8, 241 , 260 , 277 , 281

Wheeler, Daniel 236

White Sea 31 –2, 97 , 98 –104, 117 , 157

White, Harry Dexter 271

White, Leslie 12

Whitney, Eli 116

Williams, Eric 84

windmills 64 , 231 –4, 187

Witte, Sergey 37 , 146

women

in production 26 –7, 47 , 65 , 86 , 90 , 95 , 110 , 114 , 117 , 126 , 241 , 245

in consumption, 68 , 74 , 82 –3

captive women 50 , 59

as smugglers 66

inequality 267 –9, 301

wool 16 , 25 , 30 , 40 , 42 , 44 , 48 , 52 , 78 , 89 , 92 –4, 96

natural history 106 –7

geography 107 –9

processing 109 –11

institutions 86 , 108 –9, 113

Woolsack (British Parliament) 3 , 109 , 113 , 204

Yadrintsev, Nikolay 50

yasak 49 –50

Yermak Timofeyevich 49

Yugra 47 –9

Zoroaster 14

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