Почему у зебр не бывает инфаркта. Психология стресса

210Кратковременный стресс стимулирует иммунитет: Berkenbosch, F., Heijnen, C., and Croiset, G., “Endocrine and immunological responses to acute stress,” in Plotnikoff, N., Faith, R., Murgo, A., and Good, R., eds., “Enkephalins and Endorphins: Stress and the Immune System” (New York: Plenum Press, 1986); Croiset, G., Heijnen, C., and Veldhuis, H., “Modulation of the immune response by emotional stress,” Life Sciences 40 (1987): 775; Dhabhar, F., and McEwen, B., “Stressinduced enhancement of antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity,” Journal of Immunology 156 (1996): 2608; Weiss, J., Sundar, S., Becker, K., and Cierpial, M., “Behavioral and neural influences on cellular immune responses: effects of stress and interleukin-1,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 50 (1989): 43; Herbert, T., Cohen, S., Marsland, A., Bachen, E., and Rabin, B., “Cardiovascular reactivity and the course of immune response to an acute psychological stressor,” Psychosomatic Medicine 56 (1994): 337; Herbert, T., and Cohen, S., “Stress and immunity in humans: a meta-analytic review,” Psychosomatic Medicine 55 (1993): 364 (see tables 2 and 3); Carlson, S., “Neural influences on cell adhesion molecules and lymphocyte trafficking,” in Ader et al., op. cit., 231; Dhabhar, F., McEwen, B., “Bidirectional effects of stress and glucocorticoid hormones on immune function: Possible explanation for paradoxical observations,” in Ader et al., op. cit., 301. Почему это мимолетное увеличение действительно имеет смысл: Moynihan, J., Sevens, S., “Mechanisms of stress-induced modulation of immunity in animals,” in Ader et al., op. cit., vol. 2, 227. Выделение антител в слюну: Wood, P., Karol, M., Kusnecov, A., Rabin, B., “Enhancement of antigen-specific humoral and cellmediated immunity by electric footshock stress in rats,” Brain Behavior and Immunity 7 (1993): 121; Carroll, D., Ring, C., Winzer, A., “Stress and mucosal immunity,” in Fink, G., ed., Encyclopedia of Stress (San Diego: Academic Press, 2000), vol. 2, 781; Booth, R., “Antibody response,” in Fink, op. cit., vol. 1, 206. Это кратковременное повышение происходит при посредничестве симпатических гормонов: Bachen, E., Manuck, S., Cohen, S., Muldoon, M., and Raible, R., “Adrenergic blockage ameliorates cellular immune responses to mental stress in humans,” Psychosomatic Medicine 64 (1995): 15; Landmann, R., Muller, F., and Perini, C., “Changes of immunoregulatory cells induced by psychological and physical stress: relationship o plasma catecholamines,” Clinical and Experimental Immunology 58 (1984): 127; Ernstrom, U., and Sandberg, G., “Effects of alpha- and beta-receptor stimulation on the release of lymphocytes and granulocytes from the spleen,” Scandinavian Journal of Hematology 11 (1973): 275. Роль глюкокортикоидов: Bateman, A., Singh, A., Kral, T., and Solomon, S., “The immune hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis,” Endocrine Reviews 10 (1989): 92; McEwen, B., Biron, C., Brunson, K., Bulloch, K., Chambers, W., Dhabhar, F., Goldfarb, R., Kitson, R., Miller, A., Spencer, R., and Weiss, J., “The role of adrenocorticoids as modulators of immune function in health and disease: neural, endocrine and immune interactions,” Brain Research Reviews 23 (1997): 79. Снижение приблизительно на 40–70%: Dhabhar, F., “Immune cell distribution, effects of stress on,” in Fink, op. cit., vol. 2, 507.