Kонфликующие стороны часто не придерживаются осторожных стрaтегий поведения, гapaнтиpующих некий средний выигрыш, а сознательно идут на риск, исходя из соображения «больше риск — меньше опасность проигpыша». Иными словами, риск в конфликтe можно и нужно рассмaтpивaть не как эфемерную надежду на счacтливую случайность, а как связанный с опасностью способ действия, необходимый для тoгo, чтобы избежать еще большей опасности или получить еще больший выигpыш, чем это возможно без риска. [395]
Novoselcev_6
Чем ближе подходит система к состоянию дезорraнизации, тем выше должна быть степень централизации управления, и, наоборот, чем стабильнее процесс функционирования системы, тем менее централизованной должна быть структура ее управления. [559]
Clinical Microsystem
Principles for safety within clinical microsystems.
Principle 1
Errors are human nature and will happen because humans are not infallible.
Errors are not synonymous with negligence. Medicine’s ethos of infallibility leads wrongly to a culture that sees mistakes as an individual problem or weakness and remedies them with blame and punishment instead of looking for the multiple contributing factors, which can be solved only by improving systems.
Principle 2
The microsystem is the key unit of analysis and training.
We can train microsystem staff to include safety principles in their daily work through rehearsing scenarios, simulation, and role playing. The goal is for the microsystem to behave like a robust high-reliability organization — an organization that is preoccupied with the possibility for failure or chronic unease about safety breaches.
Principle 3
Design systems to identify, prevent, absorb, and mitigate errors.
Identify errors by establishing effective sustainable reporting systems that encourage and support transparency and freedom from punitive actions and empower workers to feel comfortable to speak up, even if speaking up means that they will challenge the authority gradient. Design work, technology, and work practices to uncover, mitigate, or attenuate the consequence of error. There are many ways to reduce the impact of errors by simplifying and standardizing the systems and processes people use. For example, tools such as checklists, flow sheets, and ticklers to reduce reliance on memory all address deficiencies in vigilance and memory. Improve access to information and information technology. Systems should be designed to absorb a certain amount of error without harm to patients. Key buffers might include, for example, time lapses (built-in delays to verify information before proceeding), redundancy, and forcing functions.
Principle 4
Create a culture of safety.
A safety culture is one that recognizes that the cornerstone to making health care safer is a transparent climate that supports reporting errors, near misses, and adverse events and recognizes these events as opportunities for learning and improving.2,3 Embrace and celebrate storytelling by patients and clinicians to clarify where safety is made and breached and to provide opportunities for learning.
Principle 5
Talk to and listen to patients.
Patients have much to say about safety. When a patient is harmed by health care, all details of the event pertaining to the patient should be disclosed to the patient and/or his or her family. Elements suggested for disclosure include: — A prompt and compassionate explanation of what is understood about what happened and the probable effects;
— Assurance that a full analysis will take place to reduce the likelihood of a similar event happening to another patient;
— Follow-up based on the analysis; and
— An apology.
Principle 6
Integrate practices from human factors engineering into microsystem functioning.
Design patient-centered health care environments that are based on human factors principles. Design for human cognitive failings and the impact of performance-shaping factors such as fatigue, poor lighting, and noisy settings. [www.jcrinc.com
]Правила генерала Завьялова
Скорость, время и пространство в современной войне.
Управление
Zavialov_87
В ядерной войне времени и возможностей для исправления ошибок не будет. [133T,157]
Zavialov_40
Требуется создавать новые методы управления войсками, такие же гибкие и маневренные, как сама современная война. [133T,81]
Zavialov_24
Основные требования к управлению войсками: непрерывность, четкость, гибкость и твердость. [133T,70]
Zavialov_33
Восполнить ограниченную скорость человеческого мышления можно только путем применения специальных быстродействующих машин, и создания таких систем управления войсками, которые автоматизировали бы все важнейшие процессы в этой области и охватили бы все штабы и все органы управления снизу доверху. [133T,79]
Zavialov_34