Психология счастья. Новый подход

32. Scheier, M.F., Weintraub, J.K., and Carver, C.S. (1986). Coping with stress: Divergent strategies of optimists and pessimists. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51: 1257–64. Nes, L.S., and Segerstrom, S.C. (2006). Dispositional optimism and coping: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10: 235–51.

33. Scheier and Carver (1993), указ. соч.

34. Helweg-Larsen, M., Sadeghian, P., and Webb, M.A. (2002). The stigma of being pessimistically biased. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21: 92–107.

35. Общая концепция о преимуществах надежды и анализ «барьерных надежд» принадлежат психологу, ныне покойному К.Р. Снайдеру.

36. См. упражнение “Look for the Silver Lining”, MacDonald (2004), указ. соч.

37. Gillham, J.E., and Reivich, K.J. (1999). Prevention of depressive symptoms in school children: A research update. Psychological Science, 10: 461–62.

38. Этот метод называют «методом ABCDE», он подробно описан в 8 главе. Ссылки: Seligman’s (1991) Learned Optimism and (2002) Authentic Happiness, указ. соч.

39. Aspinwall, L.G., and Brunhart, S.M. (1996). Distinguishing optimism from denial: Optimistic beliefs predict attention to health threats. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22: 993–1003.

40. Seligman, M. (1991). Learned Optimism. New York: Free Press, p. 292. 41. Обзор см. Lyubomirsky, S., and Tkach, C. (2003). The consequences of dysphoric rumination. In Papageorgiou, C., and Wells, A. (eds.). Rumination: Nature, Theory, and Treatment of Negative Thinking in Depression (pp. 21–41). Chichester, UK: John Wiley. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Women Who Think Too Much. New York: Henry Holt.

42. Lyubomirsky, S., Dickerhoof, R., Kasri, F., and Zehm, K. (2007). The cognitive and hedonic costs of unwarranted dwelling. Manuscript under review.

43. Lyubomirsky et al. (2007), op. cit. See also Lyubomirsky, S., Kasri, F., and Zehm, K. (2003). Dysphoric rumination impairs concentration on academic tasks. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27: 309–30.

44. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7: 114–40. Taylor, S.E., and Lobel, M. (1989). Social comparison activity under threat: Downward evaluation and upward contacts. Psychological Review, 96: 569–75. Major, B., Testa, M., and Bylsma, W.H. (1991). Responses to upward and downward social comparisons: The impact of esteem-relevance and perceived control. In Suls, J., and Wills, T.A. (eds). Social Comparison: Contemporary Theory and Research (pp. 237–60). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Affleck, G., and Tennen, H. (1991). Social comparison and coping with major medical problems. In Suls and Wills, op. cit., (pp. 369–93).

45. Lyubomirsky, S., and Ross, L. (1997). Hedonic consequences of social comparison: A contrast of happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73: 1141–57.

46. Исходные слова – basis, snowy, toxin.

47 Nolen-Hoeksema (2003), указ. соч.

48. Fredrickson, B.L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56: 218–26.

49. Carlson, R. (1997). Don’t Sweat the Small Stuff-and It’s All Small Stuff. New York: Hyperion.

50. Tedeschi, R.G., Park, C.L., and Calhoun, L.G. (eds.). (1998). Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

5. Развивать и поддерживать социальные связи

1. Berscheid, E. (2003). The human’s greatest strength: Other humans. In Aspinwall, L.G., and Staudinger, U.M., (eds.). A Psychology of Human Strengths: Fundamental Questions and Future Directions for a Positive Psychology (pp. 37–47). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. The quote appears on p. 39.

2. Lyubomirsky, King, et al. (2005), указ. соч.

3. Обзор см. там же.

4. Это исследование описано в Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, et al. (2005), указ. соч.

5. Tkach (2005), указ. соч.

6. Все исследования, проведенные в моей лаборатории (и описанные в этой книге), включали по крайней мере одну контрольную группу. Контрольная группа в данном исследовании состояла из участников, которые не совершали других добрых дел. Их инструктировали просто описывать разные события, происходившие с ними в течение недели.

7. Williamson, G.M., and Clark, M.S. (1989). Providing help and desired relationship type as determinants of changes in moods and self-evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56: 722–34.

8. Clark, M.C., (ed.). Prosocial Behavior: Review of Personality and Social Psychology (vol. 12, pp. 238–64). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

9. Trivers, R. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46: 35–57.

10. For a review of the literature on volunteering and well-being, see Piliavin, J.A. (2003). Doing well by doing good: Benefits for the benefactor. In Keyes, C.L. M., and Haidt, J., (eds.). Flourishing: Positive Psychology and the Life Well-Lived (pp. 227–47). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.