Stalin: A Biography

Red Army: beginnings, ref1; in Civil War, ref2; Perm defeat, ref3; Lenin proposes for actions in Europe, ref4; triumphs in Civil War, ref5; and Lenin’s European strategy, ref6; in war against Poland (1920), ref7, ref8; exercises control of outlying regions, ref9; conquers Georgia (1921), ref10; powers, ref11; and economic development, ref12; threatened trial of commanders, ref13; suppresses peasant risings, ref14; hatred of collectivisation, ref15; campaign against religion, ref16; collaboration with German army, ref17; reinforced in Far East, ref18, ref19; and Nazi threat, ref20; and Spanish Civil War, ref21; clash with Japanese, ref22; Stalin addresses (1941), ref23; recovers from first German onslaught, ref24; prisoners-of-war, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28; wartime conscription, ref29; scorched-earth policy, ref30, ref31; strategy against Germans, ref32, ref33, ref34; casualties at Stalingrad, ref35; Kursk victory, ref36; westward advance against Germans, ref37; appeal in east-central Europe, ref38; and Western Allies, ref39; final offensive, ref40; inactivity in Warsaw Rising, ref41; unrestrained behaviour in European advance, ref42; experience of Western civilisation, ref43; occupation of eastern Europe; redesignated Soviet Army, ref46; Stalin sees as threat, ref47

Redens, Stanisław,

Reisner, M.A.

religion: persecuted,

Renner, Karl

Revolutionary-Military Council,

Reznikov (informer)

Rhee, Syngman

Ribbentrop, Joachim von,

Riga

Right Deviation,

Robespierre, Maximilien

Rodionov, Mikhail

Rodzaevski, Konstantin

Rodzyanko, Mikhail

Röhm, Ernst

Rokossovski, Marshal Konstantin,

Romania: as potential invader of USSR,; Stalin woos, ref3; Soviet demands on, ref4; troops in USSR, ref5; and Panslavism, ref6; USSR demands reparations from, ref7, ref8; communist regime in, ref9; monarchy removed, ref10

Roosevelt, Franklin D.: condemns Nazi atrocities, ref1; Stalin entertains, ref2; meets Stalin at Tehran, ref3; broadcasts, ref4; cooperation with Stalin, ref5; Churchill meets, ref6; agrees wartime supplies to USSR, ref7; relations with Stalin, ref11; and post-war European settlement, ref12, ref13; at Yalta conference, ref14; requests United Nations Organisation, ref15; death, ref16, ref17; and prospective capture of Berlin, ref18; commitments to Stalin, ref19

Rozanov, Vladimir,

Rudzutak, Yan

Rukhimovich, Moisei

Russia (post-1991): conditions, ref1; see also Soviet Union

Russian Bureau of Central Committee: differences in, ref1; Stalin admitted to, ref2; welcomes return of Lenin, ref3

Russian Empire: national question in, ref1; in First World War, ref2, ref3, ref4; popular unrest in, ref5; and sense of nationhood, ref6, ref7; see also Provisional Government

Russian language: honoured, ref1; Stalin’s views on, ref2

Russian Orthodox Church: attacked,; maintains some autonomy, ref3; restrictions relaxed in war, ref4, ref5; post-war position, ref6

Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party: in Georgia, ref1; Iskra campaigns for, ref2, ref3; and ethnic considerations, ref4; Second Party Congress (Brussels and London, 1903), ref6; and popular unrest (1905), ref7; Third Party Congress (London, 1905), ref9; Fourth Party Congress (Stockholm, 1905), ref11; Fifth Party Congress (London, 1907), ref15, ref16; Bolshevik-Menshevik differences in, ref17, ref18; leaders return to Switzerland, ref19; membership numbers, ref20; Mensheviks excluded, ref21; new Central Committee formed, ref22

Russian Socialist Federal Republic

(RSFSR): Constitution,; within Soviet federation, ref3, ref4, ref5; lacks own communist party, ref6; and Leningrad ambitions, ref7

Russians (ethnic): elevated,; Stalin honours at war’s end, ref4

Russo-Japanese War (1904–5),

Rustaveli, Shota,; Knight in the Panther’s Skin, ref3, ref4

Ryazanov, David

Rybin, A.I.

Rykov, Alexei: and Democratic State Conference, ref1; membership of Sovnarkom, ref2; Lenin proposes promoting, ref3; attacks Stalin, ref4; Stalin offers resignation to, ref5; supports Bukharin’s agrarian policy, ref6; Stalin proposes dismissing, ref7; Stalin vilifies, ref8; reprimanded, ref9; tried, ref10

Ryutin, Maremyan,

St Petersburg (sometime Petrograd; Leningrad): massacre (1905), ref1; Stalin operates in, ref2; renamed Petrograd, ref3; industrial unrest in (February 1917), ref5, ref6; Soviet, ref7, ref11, ref12, ref13; between February and October revolutions, ref14; protest demonstration (July 1917), ref15, ref16; in October Revolution, ref17; renamed Leningrad, ref18; NKVD purges in, ref19; Germans threaten and besiege; supposed conspiracy, ref25; local patriotism in, ref26

Sakhalin

Samoilov, F.

Saturn, Operation

Schmidt sisters: legacies to Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party

Schulenburg, Count Friedrich Werner von der

science: controlled by Stalin

‘scissors crisis’,

Sebag-Montefiore, Simon

‘second front’,

Serebryakov, Leonid,

Sergeev, Artëm (Stalin’s adopted son)

Sergei, Acting Patriarch

Shakhty coal mine, Don Basin,

Shamil (Islamist rebel),

Shaumyan, Stepan,

Shepilov, D.T.

Shevchenko, Taras