Сталин и Гитлер

94. Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, p. 186; Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Communist Party, pp. 124–5, 152–3. For a more critical assessment of the claim for a right ‘deviation’ see M. David-Fox ‘Memory, Archives, Politics. The Rise of Stalin in Avtorkhanov’s Technology of Power\ Slavic Review, 54 (1995), pp. 988–1003. On Molotov’s elevation, see D. Watson Molotov and Soviet Government: Sovnarkom, 1930–41 (London, 1996), pp. 27–44; R. G. Suny ‘Stalin and his Stalinism: power and authority in the Soviet Union, 1930–53’ in I. Kershaw and M. Lewin (eds) Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 33–5.

95. Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Communist Party, pp. 156–7; J. Brooks Thank You, Comrade Stalin! Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War (Princeton, NJ, 2000), pp. 59–61; J. Gooding Rulers and Subjects: Government and People in Russia 1801–1991 (London, 1996), pp. 199–200.

96. D. Orlow The History of the Nazi Party: Volume I, 1919–1933 (Newton Abbot, 1973), p. 49.

97. Orlow, History of the Nazi Party: I, pp. 52–3.

98. Hess, Rudolf Hess: Briefe, p. 363, letter from Hess to Klara and Fritz Hess, 2 March 1925. Speech in C. Vollnhals (ed.) Hitler: Reden, Schriften und Anordnungen Februar 1925 bis Januar 1933 (12 vols, Munich, 1992), i, p. 14–28.

99. P. Stachura Gregor Strasser and the Rise of Nazism (London, 1983), pp. 11–26; U. Kissenkoetter Gregor Strasser und die NSDAP (Stuttgart, 1978), pp. 22–5.

100. Stachura, Strasser, p. 38.

101. Hess, Rudolf Hess: Briefe, p. 368, letter from Hess to Klara and Fritz Hess, 24 April 1925.

102. Orlow, History of the Nazi Party: I, pp. 68–70; I. Kershaw Hitler: Hubris 1889–1936 (London, 1998), pp. 274–7.

103. Stachura, Strasser, p. 51; see too Kissenkoetter, Gregor Strasser, p. 24.

104. Stachura, Strasser, pp. 51–3; see on Hitler’s economic views R. Zitelmann Hitler: The Politics of Seduction (London, 1999), esp. part iv, pp. 198–269.

105. Orlow, History of the Nazi Party: I, pp. 135–6, 143.

106. P. Longerich Die braunen Bataillone: Geschichte der SA (Munich, 1989), pp. 15–33; Orlow, History of the Nazi Party: I, pp. 211–13.

107. K. Gossweiler Die Strasser-Legende (Berlin, 1994), p. 19; Kissenkoetter, Gregor Strasser, pp. 41–7.

108. C. Fischer Stormtroopers: a Social, Economic and Ideological Analysis 1929–1935 (London, 1983) pp. 5–6; H. A. Turner (ed.) Hitler: Memoirs of a Confi dant (New Haven, Conn. 1985), pp. 28–31.

109. Stachura, Strasser, p. 101.

110. Stachura, Strasser, pp. 101–13; Kissenkoetter, Gregor Strasser, pp. 123–30, 162–77.

111. Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Communist Party, p. 124.

112. S. Cohen Rethinking the Soviet Experience: Politics and History since 1917 (Oxford, 1985), ch. 3. See the discussion in S. Blank ‘Soviet Institutional Development during NEP: A Prelude to Stalinism’, Russian History, 9 (1982), pp. 325–46; Daniels, Conscience of the Revolution, pp. 398–401, 408–11; S. Farber Before Stalinism: the Rise and Fall of Soviet Democracy (Cambridge, 1990) pp. 149 ff. on the absence of any independent political activity long before Stalinism.

113. Stachura, Strasser, p. 124; Medvedev, Nikolai Bukharin, p. 161.

114. Stalin, Works, vol. xiii, p. 41, speech to First Ail-Union Conference of Leading Personnel of Socialist Industry, 4 February 1931.

115. Stalin, Works, vol. xiii, p. 42.

116. H. Kuromiya Stalin’s Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers, 1928–1932 (Cambridge, 1988), p. 5.

117. Kuromiya, Stalin’s Industrial Revolution, p. 17; J. Hughes ‘Capturing the Russian Peasantry: Stalinist Grain Procurement Policy and the “Urals-Siberian” Method’, Slavic Review, 53 (1994), pp. 77–8. See too J. Hughes Stalin, Siberia and the crisis of the New Economic Policy (Cambridge, 1991), esp. chs 5–6.

118. Hughes, ‘Capturing the Peasantry’, p. 87; J. Hughes ‘Re-evaluating Stalin’s Peasant Policy 1928–30’ in J. Pallot (ed.) Transforming Peasants: Society, State and the Peasantry 1861–1930 (London, 1998), pp. 242–50, 255–6.

119. Hughes, ‘Capturing the Peasantry’, pp. 80–81; M. Lewin Russian Peasants and Soviet Power: a Study of Collectivization (New York, 1975) chs 16–17.

120. R. C. Nation Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy 1917–1991 (Ithaca, NY, 1992), p. 61; Kuromiya, Stalin’s Industrial Revolution, p. 15; on the fate of bourgeois experts see N. Jasny Soviet Economists of the Twenties (Cambridge, 1972), pp. 119, 127, 144.

121. R. W. Davies, M. Harrison and S. G. Wheatcroft (eds) The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union 1913–1945 (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 113–14, 290.

122. L. Viola Peasant Rebels under Stalin: Collectivization and the Culture of Peasant Resistance (Oxford, 1996), pp. 105, 139–40; see too T. Macdonald ‘A Peasant Rebellion in Stalin’s Russia’ in L. Viola (ed.) Contending with Stalinism: Soviet Power and Popular Resistance in the 1930s (Ithaca, NY, 2002), pp. 84–108.

123. Viola, Peasant Rebels, pp. 171–2.

124. Davies, Harrison and Wheatcroft, Economic Transformation, p. 68.