Сталин и Гитлер

3. J. Stalin Problems of Leninism (Moscow, 1947), pp. 569–78, ‘Dialectical and Historical Materialism’, September 1938; see too E. Kamenka ‘Soviet Philosophy 1917–1967’, in A. Smirenko (ed.) Social Thought in the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1969), p. 53. Primers on dialectical materialism were issued in printruns of 250,000 to 500,000.

4. N. Harding Leninism (London, 1996), p. 226.

5. R. T. de George Patterns of Soviet Thought (New York, 1966), pp. 171–2.

6. G. Wetter Dialectical Materialism: A Historical and Systematic Survey of Philosophy in the Soviet Union (New York, 1958), pp. 219–20.

7. A. Hitler Mein Kampf, ed. D. C. Watt (London, 1968), p. 258; W. Maser (ed.) Hitler’s Letters and Notes (New York, 1977), p. 280; D. Gasman The Scientifi c Origins of National Socialism (London, 1971), pp. 47–9.

8. Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 260; Maser, Hitler’s Letters and Notes, p. 280.

9. E. Jäckel Hitler’s World View: a Blueprint for Power (Middleton, Conn., 1981), p. 94.

10. A. Hitler The Secret Book, ed. T. Taylor (New York, 1961), p. 6; see too E. Fraenkel The Dual State. A Contribution to the Theory of Dictatorship (New York, 1941), pp. 108–9, citing Hans Gerber’s view that National Socialist political thought was ‘existential and biological, its data being the primal unique life process’.

11. Hitler, Mein Kampf, pp. 268–9.

12. Stalin, Problems of Leninism, p. 578; Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 262.

13. P. van Paassen Visions Rise and Change (New York, 1955), pp. 100–106.

14. J. Bergman The Image of Jesus in the Russian Revolutionary Movement. The Case of Russian Marxism’, International Review of Social History, 25 (1990), p. 226.

15. P. J. Duncan Russian Messianism: Third Rome, Revolution, Communism and After (London, 2000), pp. 51–2; D. G. Rowley Millenarian Bolshevism, 1900–1920 (New York, 1987), pp. 355–72; W. B. Hubbard ‘Godless Communists’: Atheism and Society in Soviet Russia 1917–1932 (Dekalb, Ill., 2000), pp. 30–35.

16. V. Lenin Collected Works (45 vols., Moscow, 1963), vol. xxxv, p. 121, letter to Maxim Gorky, 13 or 14 November 1913, pp. 127–8, letter to Maxim Gorky, November 1913. See too D. V. Pospielovsky A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies: Vol I: A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory and Practice (London, 1987), pp. 1–17.

17. Hubbard, ‘Godless Communists’, p. 47.

18. M. A. Meersoix The Political Philosophy of the Russian Orthodox Episcopate in the Soviet Period’, in G. Hosking (ed.) Church, Nation and State in Russia and Ukraine (London, 1991), p. 217.

19. van Paassen, Visions Rise and Change, p. 63; E. Trubetskoy ‘The Bolshevist Utopia and the Religious Movement in Russia’, in M. Bohachevsky-Chomiak and B. G. Rosenthal (eds) A Revolution of the Spirit: Crisis of Values in Russia 1890–1918 (Newtonville, Mass., 1982.), pp. 331–2, 336–8.

20. M. Bourdeaux Opium of the People: the Christian Religion in the USSR (London, 1965), p. 51; Hubbard, ‘Godless Communists’, pp. 58–9; J. S. Curtiss The Russian Church and the Soviet State (Gloucester, Mass., 1965), pp. 200–203; A. J. Klinghoffer Red Apocalypse: the Religious Evolution of Soviet Communism (Lanham, Md, 1996), pp. 113–14.

21. Pospielovsky, Marxist-Leninist Atheism: I, pp. 30–34.

22. Hubbard, ‘Godless Communists’, pp. 62–3; D. Peris Storming the Heavens: the Soviet League of the Militant Godless (Ithaca, NY, 1998), pp. 48–9.

23. D. V. Pospielovsky A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Anti-Religious Policies, Vol II: Soviet Anti-Religious Campaigns and Persecutions (London, 1988), p. 19; C. de Grunwald God and the Soviets (London, 1961), pp. 46–7, 79.

24. de Grunwald, God and the Soviets, pp. 73–9; F. Corley (ed.) Religion in the Soviet Union (New York, 1996), p. 119, instructions from Roslavl District Committee to Party offi cials and the League of the Militant Godless, 15 April 1937.

25. Bergman, The Image of Jesus’, pp. 240–42.

26. Pospielovsky, Marxist-Leninist Atheism: II, pp. 48–9.

27. M. Spinka The Church in Soviet Russia (Oxford, 1956), p. 38.

28. Bourdeaux, Opium of the People, p. 54; G. L. Freeze ‘Counter-reformation in Russian Orthodoxy: Popular Response to Religious Innovation, 1922–1925’, Slavic Review, 54 (1995), pp. 305–39.

29. Spinka, Church in Soviet Russia, pp. 62–6; Bourdeaux, Opium of the People, p. 54.

30. Pospielovsky, Marxist-Leninist Atheism: I, p. 51.

31. Pospielovsky, Marxist-Leninist Atheism: II, p. 34.

32. W. H. Chamberlin Soviet Russia: a Living Record and a History (Boston, 1938), p. 318; Pospielovskyj Marxist-Leninist Atheism: J, pp. 44–5.

33. de Grunwald, God and the Soviets, p. 54; Pospielovsky, Marxist-Leninist Atheism: II, p. 67.

34. Pospielovsky, Marxist-Leninist Atheism: II, pp. 66–8.

35. Curtiss, The Russian Church, pp. 228–9.

36. Pospielovsky, Marxist-Leninist Atheism: I, pp. 61–4; Curtiss, The Russian Church, p. 232.

37. A. Luukkanen The Religious Policy of the Stalinist State (Helsinki, 1997), pp. 53–4; Corley, Religion in the Soviet Union, p.