Сталин и Гитлер

132. Fitzpatrick Everyday Stalinism, pp. 117–22, 130–32; Alexopoulos, Stalin’s Outcasts, pp. 169–75.

133. P. Barton Uinstitution concentrationnaire en Russe 1930–1957 (Paris, 1959), p. 56.

134. S. Allan Comrades and Citizens: Soviet People (London, 1938), pp. 122, 155–6.

135. A. E. Gorsuch ‘NEP Be Damned! Young Militants in the 1920s and the Culture of Civil War’, Russian Review, 56 (1997), pp. 576–7. Smoking was also condemned as harmful to the Soviet ‘body’.

136. H. K. Geiger The Family in Soviet Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), pp. 88–90.

137. Geiger, Family in Soviet Russia, p. 190; M. Buckley Women and Ideology in the Soviet Union (New York, 1989), pp. 134–5.

138. Geiger, Family in Soviet Russia, p. 94.

139. Geiger, Family in Soviet Russia, p. 95; on attitudes to sexual emancipation see E. Naimark Sex in Public: the Incarnation of Early Soviet Ideology (Princeton, NJ, 1997).

140. Allan, Comrades and Citizens, pp. 84–5; Geiger, Family in Soviet Russia, p. 92.

141. Buckley, Women and Ideology, pp. 128–9; Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism, p. 152.

142. Geiger, Family in Soviet Russia, p. 194.

143. Buckley, Women and Ideology, pp. 129–31; Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism, p. 155; Geiger, Family in Soviet Russia, pp.

193–5; S. G. Solomon ‘The demographic argument in Soviet debates over the legalization of abortion in the 1920s’, Cahiers du monde russe, 33 (1992), pp. 60–65.

144. Halfi n, ‘Rape of the Intelligentsia’, p. 104; McClelland, ‘Utopianism versus Revolutionary Heroism’, p. 405.

145. R. A. Bauer The New Man in Soviet Psychology (Cambridge, Mass., 1952), pp. 124, 132, 143–50.

146. Stalin, Problems of Leninism, pp. 522–33.

147. L. Siegelbaum Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935–1941 (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 68–71.

148. Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism, p. 73.

149. V. Bonnell The Iconography of the Worker in Soviet Political Art’, in L. Siegelbaum and R. Suny (eds) Making Workers Soviet: Power Class and Identity (Ithaca, NY, 1994), pp. 361–2; Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism, pp. 73–5; K. Clark ‘Utopian Anthropology as a Context for Stalinist Literature’, in R. Tucker (ed.) Stalinism Essays in Historical Interpretation (New York, 1977), pp. 185–6.

150. Clark, ‘Utopian Anthropology’, pp. 183–4; Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism, p.77; Bonnell, ‘Iconography of the Worker’, pp. 367–9.

151. Buckley, Women and Ideology, pp. 108–9, 112; Geiger, Family in Soviet Russia, p. 187.

152. Buckley, Women and Ideology, pp. 118–19; Siegelbaum, Stakhanovism, pp. 190–91.

153. Geiger, Family in Soviet Russia, p. 177.

154. Buckley, Women and Ideology, p. 117.

155. J. E. Bowlt and M. Drutt (eds) Amazons of the Avant-Garde (London, 1999), pp. 54–5; Bonnell, ‘Iconography of the Worker’, pp. 369, 71.

156. K. Theweleit Male Fantasies. Male bodies: psychoanalysing the white terror (Oxford, 1989), p. 163; B. Taylor and W. van der Will (eds) The Nazifi cation of Art: Art, Design, Music, Architecture and Film in the Third Reich (Winchester, 1990),

p. 63. See too J. A. Mangan ‘Icon of Monumental Brutality: Art and the Aryan Man’, in Mangan, Shaping the Superman, pp. 139–49.

157. Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism, p. 46.

158. Blomquist, ‘Utopian Elements’, p. 300; Rouvidois, ‘Utopia and Totalitarianism’, p. 322.

159. Stalin, Problems of Leninism, p. 531.

160. Rouvidois, ‘Utopia and Totalitarianism’ p. 324.

161. Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism, p. 68.

162. Allan, Comrades and Citizens, pp. 208–9.

163. See R. Gellately Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany (Oxford, 2001) and C. Koonz The Nazi Conscience (Cambridge, Mass., 2003), which both explore different ways in which ordinary Germans came to accept and justify the dictatorship.

164. Rouvidois, ‘Utopia and Totalitarianism’, p. 330.

165. E. Kamenka ‘Soviet Philosophy’, in A. Smirenko (ed.) Social Thought in the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1969), pp. 89–90;

K. Bayertz ‘From Utopia to Science? The Development of Socialist Theory between Utopia and Science’, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook: Vol VIII (Dordrecht, 1984), pp. 93–110. See too L. R. Graham Science, Philosophy and Human Behaviour in the Soviet Union (New York, 1987), esp. Chs. v – vii.

166. The complex relationship between modern science and the regime is explored in Szöllösi-Janze, Science in the Third Reich; see too M. Renneberg and M. Walker (eds) Science, TechnologyandNationalSocialism (Cambridge, 1994).

167. J. W. Baird To Die for Germany: Heroes in the Nazi Pantheon (Bloomington, Ind., 1990).

168. Bauer, New Man, pp. 144–5; on abortion see Geiger, Family in Soviet Russia, p. 195.

Глава 7

1. G. C. Guins Soviet Law and Soviet Society (The Hague, 1954), p. 29.

2. A. Koenen Der Fall Carl Schmitt; sein Aufstieg zum ‘Kronjuristen des Dritten Retches’ (Darmstadt, 1995), p. 612.