Сталин и Гитлер

52. Hirsch, The Soviet Union as a Work-in-Progress’, pp. 271–4.

53. Royal Institute of International Affairs Nationalism (London, 1939), p. 78.

54. Crisp, ‘Soviet Language Planning’, pp. 28–9; Bilinsky, ‘Education and the Non-Russian Peoples’, p. 428; Koutaissoff, ‘Literacy and the Place of Russian’, p. 114; Simon, Nationalism and Policy, pp. 150–51.

55. Details in Simon, Nationalism and Policy, pp. 142–5.

56. Simon, Nationalism and Policy, pp. 144–5, 148.

57. Royal Institute of International Affairs, Nationalism, p. 74; S. G. Simonsen ‘Raising “The Russian Question”: Ethnicity and Statehood – Russkie and Rossiya’, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 2 (1996), pp. 96–110. See too N. Lynn and V. Bogorov ‘Reimaging the Russian Idea’, in G. Herb and D. Kaplan (eds) Nested Identities: Nationalism, Territory and Scale (Lanham, Md, 1999)-> pp. 101–7; R. Szporluk ‘Nationalism and Communism: refl ections: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Poland’, Nations and Nationalism, 4 (1998), pp. 308–11.

58. Royal Institute of International Affairs, Nationalism, p. 79.

59. A. Powell ‘The Nationalist Trend in Soviet Historiography’, Soviet Studies, 2 (1950/1), pp. 373–5; D. Brandenberger National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the formation of Modern Russian National Identity 1931–1956 (Cambridge, Mass., 2002), pp. 71–6, 86–94.

60. M. Perrie ‘Nationalism and History: the Cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin’s Russia’, in Hosking and Service (eds), Russian Nationalism, pp. 107–13; K. E. Platt and D. Brandenberger Terribly Romantic, Terribly Progressive, or Terribly Tragic: Rehabilitating Ivan IV under I. V. Stalin’, Russian Review, 58 (1999), pp. 637–8.

61. R. Bergan Sergei Eisenstein: a Life in Confl ict (New York, 1997), pp. 296–306; see too D. Brandenberger ‘Soviet social mentalite and Russo-centrism on the eve of war’, Jahrbuch für die Geschichte Osteruropas, 44 (1996), pp. 388, 392–4.

62. R. Stites Russian Popular Culture: Entertainment and Society since 1900 (Cambridge, 1992) p. 57.

63. Royal Institute of International Affairs, Nationalism, p. 79; see too Lynn and Bogorov, ‘Reimaging the Russian Idea’, pp. 107–8.

64. Martin, ‘Soviet Ethnic Cleansing’, pp. 830–31, 837, 845–9.

65. N. Bugai The Deportation of Peoples in the Soviet Union (New York, 1996), pp. 28–31; Simon, Nationalism and Policy, pp. 199–200; Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing, pp. 9–19.

66. Martin, ‘Soviet Ethnic Cleansing’, pp. 853–7.

67. P. J. Duncan ‘Ukrainians’, in G. Smith (ed.) The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union (London, 1990), pp. 96–7.

68. Simon, Nationalism and Policy, pp. 162–3.

69. W. Taubman Khrushchev: the Man and his Era (New York, 2002), p. 99.

70. Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing, pp. 1–3.

71. On Esperanto speakers see K. Sword (ed.) The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939–1941 (London, 1991), appendix 3c ‘NKVD Instructions Relating to “Anti-Soviet Elements”’.

72. K. Sword Deportation and Exile: Poles in the Soviet Union, 1939–48 (London, 1994), pp. 25–7; J. Gross Revolution from

Abroad: the Soviet Conquest of Poland’s Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia (Princeton, NJ, 1988), pp. 193–4.

73. Tolz, ‘Deportations of Ethnic Groups’, p. 162.

74. Sword, Deportation and Exile, p. 22.

75. Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing, p. 5; Tolz, ‘Deportation of Ethnic Groups’, pp. 161–7; Bougai, Deportation of Peoples, passim.

76. Tolz, ‘Deportation of Ethnic Groups’, p. 164.

77. Tolz, ‘Deportation of Ethnic Groups’, p. 166.

78. N. Levin Paradox of Survival: the Jews in the Soviet Union since 1917 (2 vols, London, 1990), vol. i, pp. 477–9, 484.

79. Stalin, Works, vol. ii, pp. 307–8, 345, 359; J. Miller ‘Soviet Theory on the Jews’, in L. Kochan (ed.) The Jews in Soviet Russia since 1917 (Oxford, 1978), pp. 49–52.

80. J. B. Schechtman ‘The USSR, Zionism and Israel’, in Kochan, Jews in Soviet Russia, pp. 106–8.

81. Z. Gitelman ‘Soviet Jewry before the Holocaust’, in Z. Gitelman (ed.) Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR (Bloomington, Ind., 1997), p. 5; B. Pinkus ‘La participation des minorities nationals extraterritoriales à la vie politique et publique de l’Union Soviétique, 1917–1939’, Cahiers du monde russe, 36 (1995) pp. 299–300.

82. Schechtman, ‘The USSR, Zionism and Israel’, p. 118.

83. Gitelman, ‘Soviet Jewry’, p. 6; Smith, ‘Education of National Minorities’, p. 30; see too S. W. Baron The Russian Jew under Tsars and Soviets (2nd edn, New York, 1987), pp. 226–34.

84. M. Altshuler Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust (Jerusalem, 1998), pp. 30, 146; Levin, Paradox of Survival, pp. 134–

43, 233; E. Lohr ‘The Russian Army and the Jews: Mass Deportations, Hostages, and Violence during World War P, Russian

Review, 60 (2001), p. 408 on the Pale.

85. Altshuler, Soviet Jewry, p. 146.

86. Levin, Paradox of Survival, pp. 275–6.

87. Altshuler, Soviet Jewry, p. 26.

88. C. Abramsky ‘The Biro-Bidzhan Project, 1927–1959’, in Kochan, Jews in Soviet Russia, pp. 70–71, 73–7.