Сталин и Гитлер

21. H. Kaienberg Konzentrationslager und deutsche Wirtschaft 1939–1945 (Opladen, 1996), pp. 24–5; Pingel, Häftlinge unter SS-Herrschaft, p. 62.

22. Kaienberg, Konzentrationslager, p. 26.

23. Pingel, Häftlinge unter SS-Herrschaft, pp. 61–2.

24. Orth, Das System der Konzentrationslager, pp. 47–51; on SS economic activities see J. E. Schulte Zwangsarbeit und Vernichtung: Das Wirtschaftsimperium der SS (Paderborn, 2001).

25. W. Kirstein Das Konzentrationslager als Institution totalen Terrors: Das Beispiel des Konzentrationslager Natzweiler (Pfaffenweiler, 1992), pp. 1–33.

26. H. Kaienberg ‘KZ-Haft und Wirtschaftsinteresse: Das Wirtschaftsverwal-tungshauptamt der SS als Leistungszentrale der Konzentrationslager und der SS-Wirtschaft’, in Kaienberg, Konzentrationslager, p. 51.

27. Kirstein, Konzentrationslager Natzweiler, p. 8. The remark was overheard by Rudolf Höss, the future commandant of Auschwitz, who personally killed the fi rst victim of accusations of sabotage, a Junkers aircraft worker who refused to comply with air-raid drill.

28. F. Karay Death Comes in Yellow: Skarzysko-Kamienna Slave Labor Camp (Amsterdam, 1996), pp. 235–46.

29. Schwarz, nationalsozialistischen Lager, p. 86.

30. G. Lotfi KZ der Gestapo: Arbeitserziehungslager im Dritten Reich (Stuttgart, 2000), pp. 114–28, 440–41; Schwarz, nationalsozialistischen Lager, pp. 82–3.

31. R. Kubatzki Zwangsarbeiter-und Kriegsgefangenenlager: Standorte und Topographie in Berlin und im brandenburgischen Umland 1939 bis 194s (Berlin, 2000), p. 250 (the total was 1,175 camps); J. Schiey Nachbar Buchenwald: Die Stadt Weimar und ihr Konzentrationslager 1937–1945 (Cologne, 1999), pp. 139–44.

32. Pingel, Häftlinge unter SS-Herrschaft, pp. 120–21; D. Dwork and R. J. van Pelt Auschwitz: izyo to the Present (New York, 1996), pp. 202–7, 261–3; G. Aly and S. Heim Architects of Annihilation: Auschwitz and the Logic of Destruction (London, 2002), pp. 106–12.

33. Pingel, Häftlinge unter SS-Herrschaft, p. 230; Dwork and van Pelt, Auschwitz, p. 272.

34. E. Kogon, H. Langbein and A. Rückerl (eds) Nazi Mass Murder: a Documentary History of the Use of Poison Gas (New Haven, Conn., 1993), pp. 145–6.

35. Dwork and van Pelt, Auschwitz, p. 299.

36. Schwarz, nationalsozialistischen Lager, p. 211.

37. E. Bacon The Gulag at War: Stalin’s Forced Labour System in the Light of the Archives (London, 1994), pp. 73–6; Ivanova, Labor Camp Socialism, pp. 82–5 for full details of GUlag camp economic organization and output before 1941.

38. Bacon, Gulag at War, pp. 139–44; Ivanova, Labor Camp Socialism, pp. 94–5.

39. Pohl, Stalinist Penal System, p. 16.

40. Bacon, Gulag at War, pp. 142–3.

41. Pohl, Stalinist Penal System, p. 17.

42. Stettner, ‘Archipel GULag’, pp. 181, 205–6.

43. Stettner, ‘Archipel GULag’, pp. 203–4; Pohl, Stalinist Penal System, pp. 50–52.

44. Pohl, Stalinist Penal System, pp. 17–18; Ivanova, Labor Camp Socialism, pp. 65–7.

45. Sofsky, Order of Terror, pp. 35–6; D. A. Hackett (ed.) The Buchenwald Report (Boulder, Colo., 1995), pp. 112–13.

46. Pingel, Häftlinge unter SS-Herrschaft, p. 230.

47. Kaienberg, ‘Vernichtung durch Arbeit, p. 60.

48. Kirstein, Konzentrationslager Natzweiler, p. 65; K. Orth ‘Gab es eine Lagergesellschaft? “Kriminelle” und politische Häftlinge im Konzentrationslager’, in N. Frei, S. Steinbacher and B. Wagner (eds) Ausbeutung, Vernichtung, Öffentlichkeit: neue Studien zur nationalsozialistischen Lagerpolitik (Munich, 2000), p. 119.

49. Pohl, Stalinist Penal System, pp. 35–7; Bacon, Gulag at War, p. 153. In 1944 60.9 per cent were Russians, 11.1 per cent Ukrainians.

50. Pohl, Stalinist Penal System, p. 22; J. A. Getty, G. T. Rittersporn and V. N. Zemskov ‘Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-war Years: A First Approach on the Basis of the Archival Evidence’, American Historical Review, 98 (1993), p. 1031–3; N. Werth and G. Moullec (eds) Rapports secrets sovietiques: La societe russe dans les documents confi dentiels 1921–1991 (Paris, 1994), p. 386, Report of the chief of the GUlag on the work of the GUlag during the Great Patriotic War, 10 March 1945, which gives fi gures for ‘counter-revolutionaries’ and common criminals, 1941–45.

51. Pohl, Stalinist Penal System, p. 25.

52. C. Füllberg-Stolberg, M. Jung, R. Riebe and M. Scheitenberger (eds) Frauen in Konzentrationslagern Bergen-Beisen, Ravensbrück (Bremen, 1994), p. 79. On the proportion of ‘asocials’ see Orth, Das System der Konzentrationslager, pp. 51–3. In the late 1930s this proportion was high: 58 per cent at Sachsenhausen in 1938.

53. Pohl, Stalinist Penal System, pp. 30–31; Stettner, ‘Archipel GULag’, pp. 202–3; On Akmolinsk camp, V. Shapovalov (ed.), Remembering the Darkness: Women in Soviet Prisons (Lanham, Md, 2001), p. 207.

54. J. Morrison Ravensbrück: Everyday Life in a Woman’s Concentration Camp (London, 2000), pp. 27–9, 86.

55. Kaienberg, ‘KZ-Haft und Wirtschaftsinteresse’, p. 51.