Сталин и Гитлер

56. Pohl, Stalinist Penal System, pp. 32–3; Schwarz, nationalsozialistischen Lager, pp. 84–6; Werth and Moullec, Rapports secrets, p. 387.

57. Shapovalov, Remembering the Darkness, p. 206.

58. M. Nahon Birkenau: Camp of Death (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1989), pp. 37–9.

59. Morrison, Ravensbriick, pp. 33–4.

60. Parvilahti, Beria’s Gardens, pp. 93–7.

61. Pingel, Häftlinge unter SS-Herrschaft, p. 135.

62. Dwork and van Pelt, Auschwitz, pp. 263–4.

63. M. T. Allen The Banality of Evil Reconsidered: SS Mid-level Managers of Extermination Through Work’, Central European History, 30 (1997), p. 263; see too A. Beyerchen ‘Rational Means and Irrational Ends: Thoughts on the Technology of Racism in the Third Reich’, Central European History, 30 (1997), pp. 386–402.

64. Parvilahti, Berief s Gardens, p. 95; D. Dallin and B. Nicolaevsky Forced Labor in Soviet Russia (London, 1947), pp. 13–14.

65. Pohl, Stalinist Penal System, pp. 15–17.

66. Parvilahti, Bend’s Gardens, p. 126.

67. Pingel, Häftlinge unter SS-Herrschaft, pp. 164–5.

68. Nahon, Birkenau: Camp of Death, p. 53.

69. Dallin and Nicolaevsky, Forced Labor, pp. 6–7; Parvilahti, Berits Gardens, p. 98.

70. P. Barton U institution concentrationnaire en Russe 1930–1957 (Paris, 1959), p. 80; on norm competition in the camps see L. von Koerber Sowjetrussland kämpft gegen das Verbrechen (Berlin, 1933), pp. 24–5.

71. Dwork and van Pelt, Auschwitz, pp. 194–6; P. Steinberg Speak You Also: a Survivor’s Reckoning (London, 2001), pp. 66–71.

72. A. Solzhenitsyn One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (London, 1963), p. 143.

73. Sofsky, Order of Terror, p. 118; Nohan, Birkenau: Camp of Death, p. 39.

74. Pingel, Häftlinge unter SS-Herrschaft, pp. 114–16.

75. Parvilahti, Beria’s Gardens, pp. 109, 125.

76. See for example K. Dunin-Wasowicz Resistance in the Concentration Camps (Warsaw, 1982).

77. Morrison, Ravensbriick, pp. 130–33.

78. Pohl, Stalinist Penal System, p. 31.

79. Morrison, Ravensbriick, p. 365; J. Bardach and K. Gleeson Man is Wolf to Man: Surviving the Gulag (Berkeley, Calif., 1998) pp. 191–3.

80. Steinberg, Speak You Also, p. 72.

81. Bardach and Gleeson, Man is Wolf to Man, pp. 227–8.

82. For example Parvilahti, Beria’s Gardens, pp. 118, 125; see too, Pingel, Häftlinge unter SS-Herrschaft, p. 135.

83. Dallin and Nicolaevsky, Forced Labor, p. 6.

84. Bardach and Gleeson, Man is Wolf to Man, pp. 247–9.

85. Y. Shymko (ed.) For This Was I Born (Toronto, 1973), p. 41; D. Panin The Notebooks ofSologdin (New York, 1976).

86. Steinberg, Speak You Also, p. 77.

87. Morrison, Ravensbrück, pp. 289–91.

88. Parvilahti, Bend’s Gardens, pp. 99–100; Bardach and Gleeson, Man is Wolf to Man, p. 236.

89. Pohl, Stalinist Penal System, pp. 14–16; B. Perz Projekt Quarz: Steyr-Daimler-Puch und das Konzentrationslager Melk (Vienna, 1991), p. 300; Parvilahti, Beria’s Gardens, pp. 132–3.

90. Steinberg, Speak You Also, p. 22.

91. Barton, Vinstitution concentrationnaire, pp. 78–9; Bardach and Gleeson, Man is Wolf to Man, p. 213.

92. L. Crome Unbroken: Resistance and Survival in the Concentration Camps (London, 1988), pp. 54, 56–7; see too Kaienberg, ‘Vernichtung durch Arbeit’, p. 56.

93. Werth and Moullec, Rapports secrets, pp. 377–82: Report from N. Ezhov, March 1938 ‘on the state of a number of labour camps’; Report of the GUlag operational department, 17 May 1941 on the camp at Sredne-Belsk; Report of deputy chief of GUlag operational department, 23 October 1941 on rising mortality at Aktiubinsk.

94. Crome, Unbroken: Resistance and Survival, p. 62.

95. U. Herbert Best: Biographische Studien über Radikalismus, Weltanschauung und Vernunft 1903–1989 (Bonn, 1996), p. 151; Tuchel, ‘Dimensionen des Terrors’, p. 381.

96. Sofsky, Order of Terror, p. 16.

97. I. Müller Hitler’s Justice: the Courts of the Third Reich (London, 1991), p. 56.

98. M. Kárný ‘Das SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt’, in Hamburger Stiftung zur Förderung von Wissenschaft und Kultur (ed.) ‘Deutsche Wirtschaft’: Zwangsarbeit Von KZ-Häftlingen für Industrie und Behörden (Hamburg, 1991) pp. 160–64; F. Piper ‘Industrieunternehmen als Initiatoren des Einsatzes von KZ-Häftlingen’, in Hamburger Stiftung, ‘Deutsche Wirtschaft’, pp. 97–103. Out of 500,000 workers approximately 230–250,000 worked in private sector fi rms.

99. Herbert, Best, pp. 169–70.

100. Barton, L’institution concentrationnaire, p. 56; Shapovalov, Remembering the Darkness, p. 207.

101. P. Levi The Drowned and the Saved (London, 1988), p. 100.

Заключение

1. P. Sorokin The Sociology of Revolution (New York, 1967) pp. 185–6.

2. V. M. Berezhkov At Stalin’s Side (New York, 1994), pp. 7, 72.

3. Berezhkov, At Stalin’s Side, p. 7.

4. See for example L. Dupeux Strategie communiste et dynamique conservatrice: essai sur les differents sens de Vexpression ‘National-Bolchevisme’ (Paris, 1976).

5. T. Todorov Hope and Memory: Refl ections on the Twentieth Century (London, 2003), p. 25 ff.