Summerfolk

8. See Hessler, “Postwar Perestroika?” Contrast the “liberalization” of 1946–48 with the crackdown on individual peasant plots in 1939–40: see Osokina, Ierarkhiia potrebleniia, 220. The size of peasants’ private plots (priusadebnye uchastki) had been an incredibly sensitive public issue in the first few years of collectivization, and in these debates we can see prefigured (albeit on a much larger and socially destructive scale) the arguments over legitimate use of a garden plot in the post-Stalin period. On peasant plots in the 1930s, see S. Fitzpatrick, Stalin’s Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization (Oxford, 1994), 134–36.

9. TsMAM, f. 718, op. 12, d. 37 (transcript of a meeting held to discuss the results of the allotment movement in the Moscow region, 12 Apr. 1949); the question of the danger to trees is raised on l. 24; the opportunity to sell surplus produce is mentioned as one of the benefits of allotment gardening by an exemplary ogorodnik and war invalid on l. 10.

10. Ibid., d. 231; GARF, f. R-5451, op. 30, dd. 269, 370.

11. A collection of these reports for 1951 can be found in GARF, f. R-5451, op. 30, d. 178.

12. See “O kollektivnom i individual’nom ogorodnichestve i sadovodstve rabochikh i sluzhashchikh” (24 Feb. 1949), in Sbornik zakonodatel’nykh aktov o zemle, 2d ed., expanded (Moscow, 1962), 99–100. There were still provisos, however: recipients of a plot of land had to work at their enterprise for five consecutive years before they gained the right to “permanent use” (bessrochnoe pol’zovanie).

13. TsMAM, f. 718, op. 12, d. 178, ll. 58–62.

14. TsMAM, f. 718, op. 12, d. 178. Factory representatives also complained that people who already had allotments were precluded from joining garden collectives: see GARF, f. R-5451, op. 30, d. 161, l. 26.

15. GARF, f. R-5451, op. 30, d. 282, l. 17. This file contains numerous similar protests, including several from garden collectives sponsored by Moscow enterprises.

16. Ibid., d. 161, ll. 24–25; d. 167.

17. Such unreferenced examples are drawn from my own archive of dacha memoirs: see the “Note on Sources.”

18. V. Ivanov, Sobrante sochinenii v vos’mi tomakh (Moscow, 1973–78), 8:669. Another letter of similar content, written two weeks later, can be found in the memoirs of Ivanov’s widow: T. Ivanova, Moi sovremenniki, kakimi ia ikh znala: Ocherki (Moscow, 1984), 117.

19. N. Zabolotsky, The Life of Zabolotsky, ed. R.R. Milner-Gulland (Cardiff, 1994), 239.

20. See, e.g., Ivanova, Moi sovremenniki, 418.

21. See the Soviet decrees “O meropriiatiiakh po vosstanovleniiu individual’nogo zhilishchnogo fonda. . .” (29 May 1944) and “O prave grazhdan na pokupku i stroitel’stvo individual’nykh zhilykh domov” (26 Aug. 1948).

22. See, e.g., V.G. Kalish, “Kottedzhi dllia gorniakov,” Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo, no. 4 (1947), 24–25: this article announces a design competition in Tula for “cottages” of between four and six rooms. Designs for individual houses are mentioned briefly as a feature of Soviet architecture in the late 1940s in V. Papernyi, Kul’tura “dva” (1985; Moscow, 1996), 152.

23. For a discussion of these issues, see L. Iurovskii, “O prave sobstvennosti na sovmestno vozvedennye doma," SIu, no. 4 (1958), 54–56, and I. Braude, G. Orlinskii, and A. Serebriakov, “O prave sobstvennosti na stroenie,” SIu, no. 7 (1958), 65–69.

24. For more on the impact of the war on revisions to the Civil Code, see S. Bratus, “Nekotorye voprosy nauki grazhdanskogo prava i sudebnoi praktiki po grazhdanskim delam v period Otechestvennoi voiny,” SZ, no. 11 (1944), 30–37.

25. G. N. Amfiteatrov, “O prave lichnoi sobstvennosti,” SZ, no. 8 (1945), 10–16.

26. For various points of view, see the following articles: P. Orlovskii, “Pravo sobstvennosti v praktike Verkhovnogo suda SSSR,” SZ, no. 9–10 (1944), 6–16; G.N. Amfiteatrov, “O prave lichnoi sobstvennosti”; D. Genkin, “Pravo lichnoi sobstvennosti,” SZ, no. 10 (1946), 18–21; I. Braude, “Neobkhodim li institut prava zastroiki v Grazhdanskom kodekse SSSR?” SZ, no. 6 (1947), 10–12.

27. Examples are given in T. Colton, Moscow: Governing the Sodalist Metropolis (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), 511–13.