The Augustan Empire 43 BC

by m. h. Crawford, Professor of Ancient History, University College London

I Extent of Romanization 414

II Survival of local cultures 424

13 b Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica 434

by r.j. a. Wilson, Professor of Archaeology, University of Nottinghamijf Spain 449

by g. alfoldy, Professor of Ancient History in the University of Heidelberg

I Conquest, provincial administration and military

organization 449

II Urbanization 455

Economy and society 458

The impact of Romanization 461

13 d Gaul 464 by c. goudineau, Profosseur du College de France (chaire d' Antiquites nationales)

I Introduction 464

II Gallia Narbonensis 471

III Tres Galliae 487

13* Britain 43 в.с. to a.d. 69 503 by john wacher, Emeritus Professor of Archaeology, University of Leicester

I Pre-conquest period 503

II The invasion and its aftermath 5 06

Organization of the province 510

Urbanization and communications 511 V Rural settlement 513

VI Trade and industry 514

VII Religion 515

13/ Germany 517 by c. ruger, Honorary Professor, Bonn University

I Introduction 517

II Roman Germany, 16 b.c.-a.d. 17 524

III The period of the establishment of the military zone

(a.d. 14-90) 528

13g Raetia 535

by h. wolff, Professor of Ancient History, University of Passau

I 'Raetia' before Claudius 537

The Claudian province 541

13h The Danubian and Balkan provinces 545

by j.j. wilkes, Yates Professor of Greek and Roman Archaeology, University College London

I The advance to the Danube and beyond, 43 b.c.-a.d. 6 545

II Rebellion in Illyricum and the annexation of Thrace (a.d.

6-69) 5 5 3

The Danube peoples 5 5 8

IV Provinces and armies 565

Roman colonization and the organization of the native

peoples 573

13i Roman Africa: Augustus to Vespasian 586 by c.r. whittaker, Fellow of Churchill College, and formerly Lecturer in Classics in the University of Cambridge

I Before Augustus 586

II Africa and the civil wars, 44—51 b.c. 590

Augustan expansion 591

Tiberius and Tacfarinas 593

Gaius to Nero 5 96

VI The administration and organization of the province 600

VII Cities and colonies 603

VIII Romanization and resistance 610

IX The economy 615

X Roman imperialism 616

13/ Cyrene 619 by joyce Reynolds, Fellow of Newnham College, and Emeritus Reader in Roman Historical Epigraphy in the University of Cambridge and j. a. lloyd, Lecturer in Archaeology in the University of Oxford, and Fellow of Wolf son College

I Introduction 619

II The country 622

The population, its distribution, organization and

internal relationships 625

From the death of Caesar to the close of the Marmaric

War (c. a.d. 6/7) 630

a.d. 4-7O 636

14 The East 641

14л Greece (including Crete and Cyprus) and Asia Minor

from 43 b.c. to a.d. 69 641 by в. m. levic к, Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History, St Hilda's College, Oxford

I Geography and development 641

II The triumviral period 645

The Augustan restoration 647

Consolidation under the Julio-Claudians 663

Conclusion: first fruits 672

14b Egypt 676

by alan k. bowman

I The Roman conquest 676

II Bureaucracy and administration 679

Economy and society 693

Alexandria 699 V Conclusion 702

14c Syria 703

by DAVID Kennedy, Senior Lecturer, Department of Classics and Ancient History, University of Western Australia

I Introduction 703

Establishment and development of the province 708

Client states 728

Conclusion 736

iJudaea 737 by martin Goodman, Reader in Jewish Studies, University of Oxford, and Yellow of Wolf son College

I The Herods 737

II Roman administration 750

Jewish religion and society 761

Conclusion 780

PART IV ROMAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE UNDER THE JULIO-CLAUDIANS

Rome and its development under Augustus and his successors 782 by Nicholas purcell, Fellow and Tutor in Ancient