The Bombing War: Europe 1939-1945

43. There is now a very large literature on these issues. See, e.g., Anthony Grayling, Among the Dead Cities: Was the Allied Bombing of Civilians in World War II a Necessity or a Crime? (London: 2005); Jörg Friedrich, Der Brand: Deutschland im Bombenkrieg 1940–1945 (Munich: 2002); Nicholson Baker, Human Smoke: The Beginnings of World War II and the End of Civilization (New York: 2008); Stephen A. Garrett, Ethics and Airpower in World War II: The British Bombing of German Cities (New York: 1993); Beau Grosscup, Strategic Terror: The Politics and Ethics of Aerial Bombardment (London: 2006); Igor Primoratz (ed), Terror from the Sky: The Bombing of German Cities in World War II (Oxford: 2010).

44. LC, Eaker papers, Box I.30, Intelligence section, MAAF, ‘What is Germany Saying?’ [n.d. but early 1945].

45. See the excellent essays in Yuki Tanaka, Marilyn Young (eds), Bombing Civilians: A Twentieth-Century History (New York: 2009).

1. BOMBING BEFORE 1940: IMAGINED AND REAL

1. Lewis Mumford, The Culture of Cities (New York: 1938), 274–5, 292.

2. H. G. Wells, The War in the Air (London: 1908), 207, 349. Susan Grayzel, ‘ “A Promise of Terror to Come”: Air Power and the Destruction of Cities in British Imagination and Experience, 1908–39’, in Stefan Goebel, Derek Keene (eds), Cities into Battlefields: Metropolitan Scenarios, Experiences and Commemorations of Total War (Farnham: 2011), 48–51.

3. Kirk Willis, ‘The Origins of British Nuclear Culture, 1895–1939’, Journal of British Studies, 34 (1995), 70–71.

4. Wells, War in the Air, 349.

5. Douglas H. Robinson, The Zeppelin in Combat: A History of the German Naval Airship Division (London: 1962), 345–51; Joseph Morris, The German Air Raids on Great Britain, 1914–1918 (London: 1925), 265–72; Colin Dobinson, AA Command: Britain’s Anti-Aircraft Defences of World War II (London: 2001), 21–2.

6. Raymond H. Fredette, The Sky on Fire: The First Battle of Britain, 1917–1918, and the Birth of the Royal Air Force (Washington, DC: 1991), 14–40, 160–72. Frank Morison (pseud. of Albert Henry Ross), War on Great Cities: A Study of the Facts (London: 1938), 180.

7. Dobinson, AA Command, 32.

8. Ian Patterson, Guernica and Total War (London: 2007), 87–8.

9. Grayzel, ‘ “A Promise of Terror to Come”’, 51–2.

10. See John Sweetman, ‘The Smuts Report of 1917: Merely Political Window Dressing?’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 4 (1981), 152–6, 164–6; Matthew Cooper, ‘A House Divided: Policy, Rivalry and Administration in Britain’s Military Air Command’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 3 (1980), 178–201.

11. TNA, AIR 1/462, Lord Tiverton to Air Board, 3 Sept 1917; AIR 1/463, memorandum for the Supreme War Council, ‘Bombing Operations’, Jan 1918.

12. CCAC, Lord Weir papers, WEIR 1/2, Sir Henry Norman to Lord Weir (Air Minister), 25 Mar 1918.

13. Edward Westermann, Flak: German Anti-Aircraft Defenses, 1914–1945 (Lawrence, KS: 2001), 18–27.

14. Air Ministry, Cmd. 100, ‘Synopsis of British Air Effort during the War’, Apr 1919, 5–6.

15. TNA, AIR 9/8, chief of the air staff, ‘Review of the Air Situation and Strategy for the Information of the Imperial War Cabinet’, 27 June 1918; AIR 1/460, War Office D. F.O., ‘Strategic Bombing Objectives in Order of Importance’ [n.d. but autumn 1917]; Frederick Sykes, From Many Angles: An Auto-Biography (London: 1943), 224–30.

16. Peter Nath, Luftkriegsoperationen gegen die Stadt Offenburg im Ersten und Zweiten Weltkrieg (Offenburg: 1990), 585–92.