The Bombing War: Europe 1939-1945

17. Alan Morris, First of the Many: The Story of Independent Force, RAF (London: 1968), App A; Air Ministry, Cmd. 100, 6 ‘Synopsis of British Air Effort’ United States Bombing Survey: Narrative Summary, in M. Maurer (ed), The U.S. Air Service in World War I: Vol 4 (Washington, DC: 1978), 500–502.

18. TNA, AIR 8/179, interview with Lord Trenchard on the Independent Force, 11 Apr 1934; AIR 1/460, Lt. General Groves, ‘I.F. R.A.F. Policy’, 11 Sept 1918; Sykes, From Many Angles, 555–8.

19. TNA, AIR 1/2104, British Bombing Commission Report; AIR 9/6, ‘The Operation of the Independent Air Force’, 12; United States Bombing Survey in Maurer, U.S. Air Service: Vol 4, 495–503.

20. TNA, AIR 9/8, War Office staff exercise, address by the chief of the air staff, 3. See too Tami Davis Biddle, Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914–1945 (Princeton, NJ: 2002), 78–80.

21. Giulio Douhet, The Command of the Air, trans. Dino Ferrari (Washington, DC: 1983), 181. Reprinted from 1942.

22. Ibid., 187.

23. Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, War: Its Nature, Cause and Cure (London: 1923), 12–13.

24. Neville Jones, The Beginnings of Strategic Air Power: A History of the British Bomber Force 1923–1929 (London: 1987), 37–40.

25. Cited in Roxanne Panchasi, Future Tense: The Culture of Anticipation in France between the Wars (Ithaca, NY: 2009), 94–6.

26. ‘The War of 19–’, reproduced in Douhet, The Command of the Air, 392–3.

27. Morison, War on Great Cities, 183, 194, 203.

28. Tom Wintringham, The Coming World War (London: 1935), 38–9.

29. See e.g. Josef Konvitz, ‘Représentations urbaines et bombardements stratégiques, 1914–1945’, Annales (1989), 825–8; Stefan Goebel, Derek Keene, ‘Towards a Metropolitan History of Total War: An Introduction’, in Goebel and Keene, Cities into Battlefields, 6–11, 22–3.

30. H. Montgomery Hyde, G. R. Falkiner Nuttall, Air Defence and the Civil Population (London: 1937), 52–3.

31. CamUL, Needham papers, K31, review of The Protection of the Public from Aerial Attack, 20 Feb 1937.

32. Cited in Patterson, Guernica and Total War, 110.

33. Eric Lehmann, Le ali del potere: La propaganda aeronautica nell’Italia fascista (Turin: 2010); Scott W. Palmer, Dictatorship of the Air: Aviation Culture and the Fate of Modern Russia (Cambridge: 2006); Peter Fritzsche, A Nation of Flyers: German Aviation and the Popular Imagination (Cambridge, MA: 1992), ch 5.

34. Cited in Jones, Beginnings of Strategic Air Power, 41, House of Lords speech, 11 July 1928.

35. CCAC, Noel-Baker papers, 8/19, notes for a lecture, 6 Feb 1934.

36. E. Stengel, ‘Air-Raid Phobia’, The British Journal of Medical Psychology, 20 (1944–6), 135–43; P. E. Vernon, ‘Psychological Effects of Air-Raids’, The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 36 (1941), 457–61.

37. Brett Holman, ‘The Air Panic of 1935: British Press Opinion between Disarmament and Rearmament’, Journal of Contemporary History, 46 (2011), 288–307; Martin Hugh-Jones, ‘Wickham Steed and German Biological Warfare Research’, Intelligence and National Security, 7 (1992), 387–90.

38. CamUL, Needham papers, G57, rough notes ‘Can Sci[ence] Save Civilisation?’

39. New Fabian Research Bureau, The Road to War, Being an Analysis of the National Government’s Foreign Policy (London: 1937), 177–8.

40. Gerald Lee, ‘ “I See Dead People”: Air-Raid Phobia and Britain’s Behaviour in the Munich Crisis’, Security Studies, 13 (2003/4), 230–72.

41. Joel Hayward, ‘Air Power, Ethics, and Civilian Immunity during the First World War and its Aftermath’, Global War Studies, 7 (2010), 107–8.

42. Ibid., 127–8. See too Heinz Hanke, Luftkrieg und Zivilbevölkerung (Frankfurt am Main: 1991), 71–7.