The Hero with a Thousand Faces

[3] D.T. Burlingham, “Die Einfühlung des Kleinkindes in die Mutter,” Imago, XXI, p. 429; cited by Géza Róheim, War, Crime and the Covenant (Journal of Clinical Psychopathology, Monograph Series, No. 1, Monticello, NY, 1945), p. 1.

[4] Róheim, War, Crime and the Covenant, p. 3.

[5] Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams (translated by James Strachey, Standard Edition, IV; London: The Hogarth Press, 1953), p. 262. (Orig. 1900.)

[6] Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, III: “The Transformations of Puberty” (translated by James Strachey, Standard Edition, VII; London: The Hogarth Press, 1953), p. 208. (Orig. 1905.)

[7] Sophocles, Oedipus Tyrannus, pp. 981–83.

[8] Wood, op cit., pp. 92–93.

[9] A. van Gennep, Les rites de passage (Paris, 1909).

[10] Géza Róheim, The Eternal Ones of the Dream (New York: International Universities Press, 1945), p. 178.

[11] C.G. Jung, Symbols of Transformation (translated by R. F. C. Hull, Collected Works, vol. 5, New York and London, 2nd ed., 1967), par. 585. (Orig. 1911–12, Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido, translated by Beatrice M. Hinkle as Psychology of the Unconscious, 1916. Revised by Jung, 1952.)

[12] Harold Peake and Herbert John Fleure, The Way of the Sea and Merchant Venturers in Bronze (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1929 and 1931).

[13] Leo Frobenius, Das unbekannte Afrika (Munich: Oskar Beck, 1923), pp. 10–11.

[14] Ovid, Metamorphoses, VIII, 132 ff.; IX, 736 ff.

[15] T.S. Eliot, The Waste Land (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company; London: Faber and Faber, 1922), pp. 340–45.

[16] Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History (Oxford University Press, 1934), vol. VI, pp. 169–75.

[17] “Forms or images of a collective nature which occur practically all over the earth as constituents of myths and at the same time as autochthonous, individual products of unconscious origin” (C.G. Jung, Psychology and Religion [Collected Works, vol. 11; New York and London, 1958], par. 88. Orig. written in English, 1937. See also his Psychological Types, index.)

[18] Jung, Psychology and Religion, par. 89.

[19] Friedrich Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human, vol. I, p. 13; cited by Jung, Psychology and Religion, par. 89, n. 17.

[20] Adolph Bastian, Ethnische Elementargedanken in der Lehre vom Menschen, Berlin, 1895, vol. I, p. ix.

[21] Franz Boas, The Mind of Primitive Man (1911), pp. 104, 155, 228.

[22] James G. Frazer, The Golden Bough, one-volume edition, p. 386. Copyright 1922 by the Macmillan Company and used with their permission.

[23] Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, translated by James Strachey, Standard Edition, V, pp. 350–51.

[24] Jung, Psychology and Religion, par. 89.

[25] This is Géza Róheim’s translation of an Australian Aranda term, altjiranga mitjina, which refers to the mythical ancestors who wandered on the earth in the time called altjiranga nakala, “ancestor was.” The word altjira means: (a) a dream, (b) ancestor, beings who appear in the dream, (c) a story (Róheim, The Eternal Ones of the Dream, pp. 210–11).

[26] Frederick Pierce, Dreams and Personality (Copyright 1931 by D. Appleton and Co., publishers), pp. 108–9.

[27] Words written over the Gate of Hell:

Per me si va nella città dolente,

Per me si va nell’ eterno dolore,

Per me si va tra la Perduta Gente.

— Dante, “Inferno,” III, 1–3.

The translation is by Charles Eliot Norton, The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1902); this and the other quotations listed in footnotes used by permission of the publishers.

[28] Katha Upaniṣad, 3–14. (Unless otherwise noted, my quotations of the Upaniṣads will be taken from Robert Ernest Hume, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Translated from the Sanskrit, Oxford University Press, 1931.)

The Upaniṣads are a class of Hindu treatises on the nature of man and the universe, forming a late part of the orthodox tradition of speculation. The earliest date from about the eighth century b.c.

[29] James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (New York: The Modern Library; Random House, Inc.), p. 239.

[30] Aristotle, On the Art of Poetry (translated by Ingram Bywater, with a preface by Gilbert Murray, Oxford University Press, 1920), pp. 14–16.