The Historians' History of the World 06

. Pupienus (M. Clodius Pupienus Maximus), Balbinus (D. Cælius Balbinus), and Gordian (M. Antonius Gordianus),

411

. Philip (M. Julius Philippus),

412

. Decius (C. Messius Quintus Trajanus Decius),

413

. Gallus (C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus),

414

. Æmilianus (C. Julius Æmilianus),

414

. Valerian (P. Licinius Valerianus) and Gallienus (P. Licinius Gallienus),

415

. Gallienus (P. Licinius Gallienus),

417

. The thirty tyrants,

418

. Claudius (M. Aurelius Claudius),

420

. Aurelian (L. Domitius Aurelianus),

421

. Aurelian walls Rome and invades the East,

422

. Zosimus describes the defeat of Zenobia,

423

. The fall of Palmyra,

424

. Aurelian quells revolts; attempts reforms; is murdered,

426

. Tacitus (M. Claudius Tacitus),

427

. Probus (M. Aurelius Probus),

428

. The Isaurian robbers,

430

. Carus, Numerianus and Carinus,

431

.

CHAPTER XLI

New Hope for the Empire: The Age of Diocletian and Constantine

(286-337

A.D.

)

433

Diocletian appoints Maximian Co-Regent,

433

. The fourfold division of power,

434

. Diocletian persecutes the Christians,

436

. Abdication of Diocletian and Maximian; the two new Cæsars,

437

. Strife among the rulers,

438

. Constantine wars with Maxentius,

439

. Struggle between Constantine and Licinius,

442

. The long truce between the emperors: Reforms of Constantine,

445

. Constantine and Licinius again at war,

447

. Constantine besieges Byzantium,

448

. Constantine, sole ruler, founds Constantinople,

450

. The old metropolis and the new: Rome and Constantinople,

453

. Character of Constantine the Great,

454

. Constantine and Crispus,

457

. The heirs of Constantine,

460

. The aged Constantine and the Samaritans,

462

. Last days of Constantine,

465

.

CHAPTER XLII

The Successors of Constantine to the Death of Julian

(337-363

A.D.

)

466

War of the Brother Emperors,

469

. Constantius and Magnentius,

470

. Constantius

sole emperor,

472

. The fate of Gallus,

476

. Constantius and Julian,

477

. The Quadian and Sarmatian wars,

478

. Sapor’s invasion of Mesopotamia,

479

. Julian in Gaul,

481

. Julian repulses the Alamanni and the Franks,

483

. Expedition beyond the Rhine,

485

. Julian as civic ruler,

486

. The jealousy of Constantius,

488

. Julian acclaimed Augustus,

491

. Constantius versus Julian,

493

. The death of Constantius; Julian sole emperor,

497

. The religion of Julian,

498

. Julian invades the East,

499

. A battle by the Tigris,

503

. The pursuit of Sapor,

505

. Julian’s death,

508

.

CHAPTER XLIII

Jovian to Theodosius

(363-395

A.D.

)

510

Election of Jovian (Flavius Claudius Jovianus),

510

. Sapor assails the Romans,

511

. The humiliation of the Romans,

512

. Valentinian and Valens,

516

. Invasion of the Goths in the East; battle of Hadrianopolis and death of Valens,

520

. Valens marches against the Goths,

523

. Theodosius named Augustus,

525

. Virtues of Theodosius,

528

. Tumult in Antioch,

529

. The sedition of Thessalonica,

531

. Theodosius and Ambrose,

532

. Last days of Theodosius,

534

.

CHAPTER XLIV

The Division of the Empire

(395-408

A.D.

)

535

Arcadius and Honorius succeed Theodosius,

535

. Alaric invades Greece,

543

.

CHAPTER XLV

The Goths in Italy

(408-423

A.D.

)

550

Alaric invades Italy,

550

. Honorius retires to Ravenna; Attalus named Emperor,

556

. Attalus deposed; Rome sacked by Alaric,

559

. Death of Alaric; succession of Atawulf,

564

. Constantine and Gerontius; Constantius,

566

.

CHAPTER XLVI

The Huns and the Vandals

(423-455

A.D.

)

572

The Gothic historian Jordanes on the battle of Châlons,

587

. The invasion of Italy; the foundation of Venice,

591

. The retreat of Attila,

592

.

CHAPTER XLVII

The Fall of Rome

(430-476

A.D.

)

598

The Barbarian Emperor-makers,

610

. A review of the Barbarian advance,

618

. A fulfilled augury,

623

. Breysig’s observations on the fall of the Roman Empire

in the West,

623

.

APPENDIX A

History in Outline of Some Lesser Nations of Asia Minor

(283

B.C.

-17

A.D.

)

626

APPENDIX B

The Roman State and the Early Christian Church

629

Brief Reference-List of Authorities by Chapters

643

A General Bibliography of Roman History

645

Roman Trophies

THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE: A SKETCH

Written Specially for the Present Work

By Dr. OTTO HIRSCHFELD

Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin