The Secret History of the Mongol Queens

“there was suffering” Johan Elverskog, The Jewel Translucent Sutra: Altan Khan and the Mongols in the Sixteenth Century (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2003), lines 45–48.

“O God! O Sky! O Earth!” Rashid al-Din, Rashiduddin Fazullah’s Jami’u’t-Tawarikh: Compendium of Chronicles, translated by W. M. Thackson (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Department of Eastern Languages and Civilizations, 1998).

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“Queen Manduhai the Good” Charles Bawden, trans., The Mongol Chronicle Altan Tobŭi (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1955), § 101.

“The Queen has no helmet” Ibid., § 102.

“When it was wet” Igor de Rachewiltz, trans., The Secret History of the Mongols (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2004), § 214.

“protected her jewel-like son” Johan Elverskog, The Jewel Translucent Sutra: Altan Khan and the Mongols in the Sixteenth Century (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2003), lines 45–64.

They sometimes imported horses Denis Twitchett and Tilemann Grimm, “The Cheng-t’ung, Ching t’ai, and T’ien-shun Reigns, 1436–1464,” in The Cambridge History of China, vol. 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part I, edited by Frederick W. Mote and Denis Twitchett (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988).

The instability of the horse trade Morris Rossabi, “The Ming and Inner Asia,” in ibid., Part II–55.

True civilization for the Chinese Hidehiro Okada, “China as a Successor State to the Mongol Empire,” in The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy, edited by Reuven Amitai-Preiss and David O. Morgan (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 1999).

five types of bait Ying-shih Yü, Trade and Expansion in Han China (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967).

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Wang Yue proposed Alastair Iain Johnston, Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).

“to dare to penetrate” Ibid.

“I braved the snow” Yuan-Chu Lam, “Memoir on the Campaign Against Turfan: An Annotated Translation of Hsü Chin’s P’ing-fan shih-mo written in 1503,” Journal of Asian History 42 (1990): 159.

“When the unfortunate Mongols” Dimitrii Pokotilov, History of the Eastern Mongols During the Ming Dynasty from 1368–1634, translated by Rudolf Leowenthal (Chengtu: Chinese Cultural Studies Research Institute, West China Union University, 1947).

he sighed in regret Denis Twitchett and Frederick W. Mote, eds., The Cambridge History of China, vol. 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part I (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1988).

pornography Ibid.

“thirsty for its tastiness” The butter soup story is from Charles Bawden, trans., The Mongol Chronicle Altan Tobŭi (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1955), §§ 109–10.

“If a piece of food is given” Giovanni DiPlano Carpini, The Story of the Mongols Whom We Call the Tartars, translated by Erik Hildinger (Boston: Branden, 1996).

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“Why is the ground shaking?” Most of the material in this chapter is taken from Charles Bawden, trans., The Mongol Chronicle Altan Tobŭi (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1955), §§ 107–88.

incense holders Erdeni-yin Tobci, as compiled by Isaac Jacob Schmidt in Geschichte der Ost-Mongolen und ihres Fürstenhauses, verfasst von Ssanang Ssetsen Chungtaidschi der Ordus, (Saint Petersburg, Russia, 1829).

“It is necessary to accept hard and inconvenient advice” Walther Heissig, “A Contribution to the Knowledge of Eastmongolian Folkpoetry,” Folklore Studies 9 (1950): 158.

she died soon thereafter Siker died at Seremeger on the Sira Mören. Altan Tobŭi, § 109.