The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB

109. Also targeted by western European residencies were the US Atomic Energy Commission, the Battelle Memorial Institute, Dow Chemicals, Dupont de Nemours, GTE, Arthur D. Little Inc., Litton Industries Inc., the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and RCA. Mitrokhin’s notes do not indicate which—if any—residencies had particular responsibilities for these targets; k-5,424. The National Institute of Health was targeted because of its research on the effects of chemical and biological warfare; vol. 6, ch. 6.

110. vol. 6, app. 1, part 1; t-7,8,77.

111. vol. 2, app. 3.

112. Volkogonov, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire, p. 338.

113. US government, Soviet Acquisition of Militarily Significant Western Technology

114. Brook-Shepherd, The Storm Birds, p. 260.

115. vol. 2, app. 3.

116. k-5,504.

117. Hanson, Soviet Industrial Espionage, pp. 10, 23.

118. Wolf, Man without a Face, p. 182.

119. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 641-2.

120. Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.), Instructions from the Centre, pp. 37, 49-50.

121. Recollections by Oleg Gordievsky of Gorbachev’s address; Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 621.

122. Garthoff, “The KGB Reports to Gorbachev,” pp. 228-9.

123. Brook-Shepherd, The Storm Birds, p. 260.

124. Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.), Instructions from the Centre, pp. 40-9, 115-17.

125. The fullest account of the Ames case, and the only one to benefit from interviews with Ames himself, is Earley, Confessions of a Spy. On the agents betrayed by Ames, see pp. 143-5. According to the SVR, several of the Western agents named by Ames had already been identified from other leads.

126. Interview with Shebarshin, Daily Telegraph (December 1, 1992).

127. Gates, From the Shadows, pp. 424-6.

128. Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.), Instructions from the Centre, pp. 212-17. Operation RYAN was not finally canceled until Primakov became head of foreign intelligence in October 1991; Richelson, A Century of Spies, p. 421.

129. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 627-8. Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.), Instructions from the Centre, pp. 217-18.

130. Shebarshin’s foreign postings had included a term as main resident in India from 1975 to 1977.

131. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 620-1.

132. “Intelligence Service Divorces from the KGB,” Izvestia (September 24, 1991).

133. Interview with Shebarshin, Daily Telegraph (December 1, 1992).

134. On the Soviet economy in the Gorbachev era, see Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, ch. 5.

135. BBC, Summary of World Broadcasts, SU/0955 (December 24, 1990), C4/3ff; SU/0946 (December 13, 1990), B/1.

136. Interview with Shebarshin, Daily Telegraph (December 1, 1992).

137. BBC, Summary of World Broadcasts, SU/0946 (December 13, 1990), B/1. Much the same conspiracy theory had been expounded in a secret circular to residencies almost six years earlier; Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.), Instructions from the Centre, pp. 152-9.

138. Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.), Instructions from the Centre, pp. 218-22; More Instructions from the Centre, pp. 125-8.

139. Kryuchkov continued to advance this preposterous conspiracy theory and to complain that, though he submitted a file on the case to Gorbachev, he repeatedly reneged on a promise to look into it. Remnick, Resurrection, p. 86.

Chapter Fourteen Political Warfare

1. Marx, Theses on Feuerbach, no. 11.

2. “Chief Conclusions and Views Adopted at the Meeting of [FCD] Heads of Service,” ref. 156/54 (February 1, 1984); Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.), Instructions from the Centre, pp. 30-44.

3. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 629.

4. On Modin, see chapter 9.

5. See above, chapters 9 and 12.

6. An extract from the report appears in Yeltsin, The View from the Kremlin, appendix B, pp. 307-8.

7. Golson (ed.), The Playboy Interview, p. 135.

8. Posner, Case Closed, p. 371; Summers, Conspiracy, p. 36.

9. Hurt, Reasonable Doubt, p. 124.

10. Yeltsin, The View from the Kremlin, appendix B, p. 308.

11. Dobrynin, In Confidence, p. 111.

12. Yeltsin, The View from the Kremlin, appendix B, p. 308.