United States

Kirk Varnedoes and Adam Gopnik, High & Low: Modern Art, Popular Culture (1990), was an early attempt to address the “high and low” question unemotionally. Robert Hughes, American Visions: The Epic History of Art in America (1997, reissued 1999), tried to use the broader social context now demanded to chronicle the ambitions and limitations of American art. Important “post-structuralist” views of American art have also been offered by Arthur C. Danto, The Madonna of the Future: Essays in a Pluralistic Art World (2001). The broader questions of the future of American culture in a time of multicultural transformation have been engaged in many places, memorably in Richard Rorty, Essays on Heidegger and Others (1991). The debate over “political correctness” has been examined in Roger Kimball, Tenured Radicals: How Politics Has Corrupted Our Higher Education, rev. ed. (1998); Dinesh D’souza, Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus (1991); and Robert Hughes, Culture of Complaint: The Fraying of America (1993). Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club (2001), attempts to track the crucial influence on American culture of America’s most distinct philosophical movement, Pragmatism. The classic statement of the American vision in literary criticism is Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination (1950, reissued 1976). See also Leslie Fiedler, What Was Literature? (1982), a radical egalitarian polemic against the division of American literature into “high” and “low” forms. Emory Elliott (ed.), Columbia Literary History of the United States (1988), covers the many aspects of American literature. Daniel Hoffman (ed.), Harvard Guide to Contemporary American Writing (1979), is a general introduction. Useful works on art include Dore Ashton, American Art Since 1945 (1982); Irving Sandler, The Triumph of American Painting: A History of Abstract Expressionism (1970, reissued 1982); and Milton W. Brown et al., American Art (1979). The renaissance of American dance has produced two great dance critics, Arlene Croce and Edwin Denby. Their works include Arlene Croce, Going to the Dance (1982), and Sight Lines (1987); and Edwin Denby, Dance Writings (1986). For a history of America’s unique contribution to the theatre arts, see Gerald Bordman, American Musical Theater, expanded ed. (1986). James Agee, Agee on Film, vol. 1, Reviews and Comments (1958, reprinted 1983), is still the most eloquent writing about American movies. Stephen Mamber, Cinema Verite in America: Studies in Uncontrollable Documentary (1974), is a good introduction to alternative theories about alternative film. H. Wiley Hitchcock and Stanley Sadie (eds.), The New Grove Dictionary of American Music, 4 vol. (1986), is an excellent starting point for research. Gilbert Chase, America’s Music, from the Pilgrims to the Present, rev. 3rd ed. (1987), is invaluable and readable. Geoffrey C. Ward, Jazz: A History of America’s Music (2000)—based on a film by Ken Burns—is a stimulating and serious history of America’s most original art form. Whitney Balliett, Collected Works: A Journal of Jazz (2000), is a personal history of the achievement of Ellington and Armstrong. Adam Gopnik

History

Among the many overviews of U.S. history, the following are representative: Samuel Eliot Morison, Henry Steele Commager, and William E. Leuchtenburg, The Growth of the American Republic, 7th ed. (1980); and John A. Garraty and Robert A. McCaughey, The American Nation, 6th ed. (1987). Reference sources include Dictionary of American History, rev. ed., 8 vol. (1976–78); and Richard B. Morris (ed.), Encyclopaedia of American History, 6th ed. (1982).

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