Внешнеторговый международный контракт: типовой образец, пример контракта, экономические и юридические аспекты

Венская конвенция 1980 года регулирует только заключение договора и те права и обязанности продавца и покупателя, которые возникают из такого договора. В частности, по общему правилу она не касается действительности самого договора или каких-либо из его положений, либо любого обычая или последствий, которые может иметь договор в отношении права собственности на проданный товар (ст.4 Конвенции). Более того, не применяется она и в отношении ответственности продавца за товар, т. е. за причиненные товаром повреждения здоровья или смерть какого-либо лица (ст.5 Конвенции).

It should also be noted that the 1980 Vienna Convention does not set any rules to govern the choice of applicable law.

Следует также отметить, что Венская конвенция 1980 года не регулирует выбор применимого права.

Check Questions

Is the 1980 Vienna Convention imperative or dispositive in character?

The 1980 Vienna Convention. What is the sphere of its application?

How many countries have signed the 1980 Vienna Convention?

Does this Convention set any rules to govern the choice of law?

WORLD-WIDE CONTRACTUAL STANDARDS

INCOTERMS,THE ICC OFFICIAL RULES FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF TRADE TERMS

TERMS THE WORLD TRADES BY

In every international trade transaction certain questions must be answered:

Who will arrange and pay for the transfer of goods from the seller’s works/ factory/warehouse to the buyer’s premises?

Who will bear the risk if these operations cannot be carried out?Who will bear the risk of loss of or damage to the goods in transit?

The various national laws, of course, contain various solutions for each of these questions. However, one party to an international sales contract may hesitate to subject itself to the national laws and procedures of the other. This is why international commercial terms, or standardised trade terms, have been developed, notably by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) – the Incoterms.

With Incoterms, the ICC set out to overcome the problems of conflicting national laws and interpretations by establishing a standard set of trade terms and definitions that offer neutral rules and practices. They have been decided upon after thorough discussions between experts representing businessmen from all over the world.

The Incoterms were first published in 1936, since then they have been regularly updated to keep pace with the development of international trade. Amendments and additions were made in 1953, 1967, 1976, 1980, 1990 and presently in 2000.

In view of the changes made to Incoterms from time to time, it is important to ensure that where the parties intend to incorporate Incoterms into a contract of sale, an express reference be made to the current version of Incoterms. The absence of such reference may result in disputes as to whether the parties intended to incorporate as part of their contract that version or an earlier version.

The Incoterms become part of a sales contract if seller and buyer so agree by simple reference to one of the trade terms expressly stating that the contract should be interpreted according to a particular Incoterm, e. g. C.I.F. Incoterms 2000.

It should be noted that special provisions in individual contracts will override anything provided in Incoterms. Parties may adopt Incoterms as a general basis of a contract but may also specify variations or additions to fit a contract to a particular trade or to particular needs. In this context, it is important to bear in mind that Incoterms are premised on the seller’s minimum liability. In an individual contract, the buyer therefore may wish to increase the seller’s obligation.

It should also be kept in mind that reference to a particular Incoterm is not sufficient to determine the full legal relationship between parties to a contract of sale. Matters such as breach of contract and its consequences, as well as the difficult problem of ownership of goods, are outside the scope of the trade terms.