Where the Iron Crosses Grow

Generalleutant Gerhard Barkhorn (1919–83). Three weeks after he left the Crimea, Barkhorn was shot down and badly wounded by Soviet P-39 fighters. He returned to flight duty in October 1944, flying defensive missions over the Reich. He began flying the Me-262 jet fighter in 1945 but scored no victories in it. By the end of the war he claimed 301 aerial victories, making him the second-highest-scoring Luftwaffe pilot of World War II. After brief captivity by US forces in 1945, Barkhorn joined the Bundesluftwaffe in 1956. He commanded the 31st Fighter-Bomber Wing, initially equipped with American-made F84F jet fighters, and then F-104 Starfighters, from 1957–62. He retired from the Luftwaffe as a Generalleutnant in 1976.

Appendix B: Comparative rank table

US Army rank	Wehrmacht rank	Soviet rank
General of the Army	Generalfeldmarschall	Marshal of the Soviet Union
General	Generaloberst	General-Armiyi
Lieutenant General	General der (Infanterie)	General-Polkovnik
Major General	Generalleutnant	General-Leytenant
Brigadier General	Generalmajor	General-Major
Colonel	Oberst	Polkovnik
Lieutenant Colonel	Oberstleutnant	Podpolkovnik
Major	Major	Major
Captain	Hauptmann	Kapetan
First Lieutenant	Oberleutnant	Starshiy Leytenant
Second Lieutenant	Leutnant	Mladshiy Leytenant
Master Sergeant	Oberfeldwebel	Starshina
Technical Sergeant	Feldwebel	Starshiy Serzhant
Staff Sergeant	Unterfeldwebel	--
Sergeant	Unteroffizier	Serzhant
Corporal	--	Mladshiy Serzhant
Private First Class	Obergefreiter	Yefreytor

Appendix C: The Black Sea Fleet in June 1941

Type	No.	Class	Name	Commissioned
Battleships	1	Gangut	Parizhskaya Kommuna	1914
Heavy cruisers	2	Kirov	Molotov, Voroshilov	1940–41
Light cruisers	4	Svetlana	Krasny Krym, Krasny Kavkaz	1928–32
		Admiral Nakhimov	Chervona Ukraina	1927
		Bogatyr	Komintern	1905
Flotilla leaders	3	Tashkent	Tashkent	1939
		Leningrad	Moskva, Kharkov	1938
Destroyers	14	Soobrazitel’ny (Type 7U)	Smyshlyonyi, Soobrazite’ny, Sposobnyi	1940–41
		Gnevny (Type 7)	Bodry, Bystry, Bezuprechny, Bditelny, Boiky, Bezposhchadny	1938–39
		Fidonisy	Dzherzhinsky, Zhelezniakov, Shaumyan, Nyezamozhnik	1924–25
		Derzky	Frunze	1914
Submarines	44	S-Class	S-31, S-32, S-33, S-34	1940–41
		L-Class	L-4, L-5, L-6, L-23, L-24, L-25	1931–41
		M-Class	M-31 to M-36, M-51, M-52, M-54, M-55, M-58 to M-60, M-62	1933–41
		Shchuka	Shch-201 to Shch-216	1932–38
		Dekabrist	D-4, D-5, D-6	1929
		AG-class	A-1 to A-5	1922–30
Minesweepers	13	Tral-class	T-401 to T-413	1936–41

Black Sea Fleet Naval Aviation (VVS-ChF)

62nd Fighter Brigade (62 IAB):

• 8th Fighter Regiment (8 IAP) at Yevpatoriya with 22 I-153, 19 I-15bis, 41 I-16, and 1 MiG-1

• 32nd Fighter Regiment (32 IAP) in Bel’bek Eupatorium with 31 I-153, 50 I-16, 3 I-15, and 5 TB-3

• 9th Fighter Regiment (9 IAP) near Sevastopol with 64 I-153 and I-15bis

• 119th Reconnaissance Regiment (119 OMRAP) with MBR-2 flying boats

63rd Bomber Brigade (63 BAB):

• 2nd Mine-Torpedo Aviation Regiment (2 MTAP) based at Sarabus and Karagoz [70x DB-3F]; only 12 of 62 aircrews were trained

• 40th Bomber Regiment in Sarabus (40 BAP) [47x SB-2]

3rd Training Aviation Regiment at Dzhankoy [11x SB-2, 10x I-15bis, 6x I-153] 16, 45, 60, 80, 82, 83 OMRAE [MBR-2 flying boats]

Appendix D: Coastal batteries at Sevastopol, 1921–42