A people's tragedy

Smolny Institute, 217, 389, 452, 459, 472, 474–5, 479, 480, 482, 483–4, 486, 494, 496, 500, 501, 504, 509, 516, 537, 545, 589, 627, 673, 674, 683; corruption in, 682; Petrograd Soviet housed in, 438, 452, 459, 472, 474; Second All-Russian Soviet Congress (October 1917), 470, 471, 472, 474, 475, 476, 477, 481, 483, 484, 485, 489–90, 498, 512, 589

Snowden, Ethel, 605

Social Democrats, Social Democracy, 147–8, 149 and n, 150, 151, 152, 218, 225, 292. See also Bolsheviks, Marxism, Mensheviks

Social structure, 35, 43, 44, 162–3; merchantry, 161; domination of nobility, 35, 54; and nationality, 80; and rationing system, 726–7; weakness of middle classes, 43, 163–4

Socialist Encyclopedia, 736

Socialist Revolutionaries, Socialist Revolutionary Party, 161, 218, 225, 293, 294, 301, 325, 372, 383, 395, 457, 458, 459, 467–8, 471, 472, 478, 482, 490–1, 502, 507, 508, 515, 516, 517–20, 576, 577–8, 584, 585, 587, 624–5, 626, 685 and n, 692, 755, 760; Left SRs, 464–5, 468, 480–1, 489, 491, 505, 507, 512, 513, 516, 517, 539, 549, 550, 592, 631, 632–5; reluctance to form Soviet government, 331–4, 384, 431, 436, 464–9, 490; Trial (1922), 629n, 769

Sokolnikov, Grigorii, 548

Sokolov, Boris, 315, 517, 518, 519

Sokolov, N. A., 675; The Murder of the Imperial Family, 641

Sokolov, N. D., 324, 330, 334, 440–1

Soldiers, 55, 56, 57, 58, 257–8, 261, 303, 325, 327, 346, 350–1, 379–80, 414, 415–18, 454; soldiers’ committees, 378, 438, 444, 591; violence against officers, 378–9, 438–41, 541, 599

Solovki, concentration camp, 767

Solovyov, Vladimir, 179, 208

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 66

Sormovo, 110

Sorokin, Pitirim, 322, 510, 515, 773n

Soskice, David, 456, 479

Soviet Union Treaty (1924), 799

Soviets, 190, 199, 359, 369, 458–9, 460–1, 465, 502–3, 505–7, 512, 513, 520, 612, 626, 684–90, 756, 761, 762, 811, 812; Northern Regional Congress of Soviets, 475, 476; rural Soviets, 463–4, 505 and n, 506, 510, 512, 519, 579–80, 617–18, 689–90, 752, 791–2; ALL-RUSSIAN CONGRESSES: First, 375–6, 397; Second, 470, 471, 472, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 489–91, 492, 498, 512, 589; Third, 517; Fifth, 633, 634, 639; Sixth, 621; PETROGRAD SOVIET: 190, 199, 204, 217, 322, 324–6, 327–31, 334–8, 349, 359, 360, 367, 376, 381, 382–3, 395, 397–8, 407, 409, 410, 413, 414n, 422, 435–6, 438, 443, 444, 447, 452, 470, 476, 477, 481, 485, 636; Bolsheviks win first majority in, 455, 459; Duma’s negotiations with, 334–8; in July Days, 423, 424–33, 435–6; Military Commission, 327, 330; Order Number One, 330–1, 378, 411, 414, 440; transferred to Smolny Institute from Tauride Palace, 438, 474

Sovnarkom (Council of People’s Commissars), 501, 504–5, 506–7, 508, 510, 511 and n, 512, 513, 626, 631, 632, 641, 647, 782, 795–6, 804

Spala: imperial hunting estate, 30

Spartacist Revolt, Berlin, 701

Speshnev, Nikolai, 128

Spiridonova, Maria, 512, 633, 634, 635

Stalin, Josef, 11, 90n, 142, 276, 296, 297, 391, 396, 397, 433n, 544, 592, 593 and n, 594, 613, 649, 662n, 675n, 686, 699, 701, 702, 706, 707, 709, 710, 714, 715, 716, 737, 738, 765, 793–801, 812, 818, 819; autonomization plan of, 798; Chairman of Secretariat, 794, 795; Commissar for Nationalities, 794, 798; country mansion of, 684; General Secretary of Party (1922), 765, 794; and Gorky, 821–3; growing power and ambitions of, 794–5, 800; head of Orgburo, 794, 807; head of Rabkrin, 694, 794; Krupskaya incident, 800–1; Lenin’s illness and death, 793, 795, 797, 800–1, 805, 806; Lenin’s suspicions and condemnation of, 795–7, 798–801; Lenin’s Testament, 797, 798–800, 801–2 and n; patronage of, 693; People’s Commissar for State Control, 682; rivalry between Trotsky and, 592, 593, 660n, 794, 795–7, 800, 801–4

Stanislavsky, Stanislas, 437 and n, 736, 779

Stankevich, V. B., 336, 391

Stashkov, Roman, 540–1

Stasova, Elena, 664

State Council, 216, 219, 220, 227, 228, 229, 274

State Unity Council, 568

Statute on Socialist Land Organization, (1919), 729–30

Stavka, 258, 259, 261, 269, 279, 281, 282, 287, 288, 339, 342, 406, 442, 444, 446, 453, 502, 541, 558

Stavropol, 526, 567

Steinberg, I. N., 512, 536, 635

Steklov, Iurii, 333, 334

Stepniak, S. M., 136

Stepun, F. A., 446, 448

Stockholm Peace Conference, 409

Stolypin, P. A., 22, 24, 34, 44, 45, 220, 221–31, 246, 288, 363, 573, 718, 786; assassination of (1911), 211, 227, 230, 231; Governor of Saratov, 223; Marshal of the Kovno nobility, 222–3; Minister of the Interior, 223; Prime Minister (1906–11), 220, 221, 222, 223–30; reforms of, 54, 99 and n, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227–9, 230–2, 235, 237–8, 239, 240, 241, 786

Struve, Petr, 43, 141, 148, 162, 167, 168–9 and n, 209, 247, 389, 412, 559–60, 571, 652n

Struve, V. V., 251, 389

Stürmer, Boris, 278, 284, 288

Subbotniki, 725–6

Sukhanov, Nikolai, 311, 318, 321, 322, 323–4, 330, 334, 335, 383, 387, 397, 425, 426, 430, 452, 459, 472, 489, 490, 589, 794

Sukhomlinov, General V. A., 61, 259, 262, 268, 273, 275, 286

Sultan-Galiev, Mirsaid, 709–10

Sumy Republic, 183

Susanin, Ivan, 10–11

Suzdal, 5; zemstvo, 53

Sverdlov, Yakov, 293n, 396, 397, 506, 636–7, 638, 639, 641, 686