A people's tragedy

Peasantry, 14, 40, 46, 50, 52, 53, 54, 88–108, 109, 157, 217, 218, 219, 222, 223, 224, 231, 232-41, 298, 299, 346–8, 351, 358–9, 362–7, 521, 533-4, 539, 564, 572, 573, 579–80, 581–2, 583, 608–9, 612, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 622, 655–6, 656–7, 689–90, 714, 718, 725, 729, 730, 740, 751, 765, 766, 775–80 passim, 788–93, 809; and capitalism, 85, 92, 103, 104–5, 617; and commune, 87, 89–91, 102, 363–4; conformity among, 94–5, 95–6; and Constituent Assembly, 507, 508, 518–19, 576; Emancipation, 39, 40, 46–7, 48 and n, 52, 78, 89, 97; generational divisions, 92–4, 362, 690, 790–1; handicrafts, 107, 608; influence of soldiers on, 365, 532–3, 600–1, 602; and ‘kulaks’, 91, 104, 617, 620; and land redistribution, 364–5, 530–2; and nationalism, 73, 75–9, 373–4, 548, 705–6; in 1905 Revolution, 57, 106–7, 182–3; political philosophy of, 91–2, 98–101; and Red Army, 594–7, 653–4, 668–9, 699, 791; relations with landowners, 48–9, 53–4, 106–7, 205–6, 220, 363–5, 462–3, 531–2; religious attitudes, 66–7; revolts, 57, 653, 548, 596, 599–600, 620, 621, 653, 657–8, 662, 751–8, 768–9; and violence, 96–8

Penza, 463, 532, 535, 576, 577, 600, 662, 753, 754

People’s Courts, 100–1, 525, 533–4

Pereverzev, P. N., 432, 433

Perm, 53, 584, 652–3, 687, 695

Persia, 168, 290; Russian defeat of (1827), 74

Peshekhonov, A. V., 643–4

Peshkov, Alexei: see Gorky

Peshkov, Maxim (son of Gorky): murder of, 822

Peshkov, Zinovy (adopted son of Gorky), 293 and n

Peshkova, Ekaterina (wife of Gorky), 179, 187, 202, 249, 300, 307, 321–2, 398, 400, 402, 403, 428, 435, 511, 518, 603, 627, 648, 694, 822

Peter and Paul Fortress, 122–3, 134, 137, 144, 161, 167, 177, 181, 204, 273, 313, 317, 329, 432, 434, 480, 485, 488, 491–2, 509, 510, 512, 515, 536n, 636, 645

Peter I the Great, Tsar, 4, 7, 8, 20, 26, 36, 55, 62, 122, 247, 672, 684, 725

Peters, Yakov, 475, 630

Petliura, Simon, 575, 662, 665, 675, 677, 698, 705, 706, 707

Petrashevsky, M. V., 128, 133n

Petrograd garrison, 302, 396, 422; in February Days, 312–16, 330–1; in October insurrection, 480–1, 497

Petrograd: see St Petersburg

Petrunkevich, I. I., 172, 219

Piatakov, Georgii, 706–7, 757, 803

Piatigorsk, 567

Pilsudski, Marshal Joseph, 71, 144, 185, 697, 698, 699, 702

Pisarev, Dmitry, 131

Platinina-Maisel, Rebecca, 647

Plehve, Viacheslav von, 41, 52, 167, 168, 170, 171, 444

Plekhanov, Georgii, 82, 128, 130, 135, 138, 141, 146, 148, 150, 152, 180, 211, 293, 331, 385, 467; On the Question of Developing a Monistic View of History, 146–7

Plezhnikov, Grigorii, 754

Pobedonostsev, Konstantin, 7, 17, 20, 21, 22, 41, 113

Podolia, 106

Podvoisky, N. I., 486

Pokrovsky, General V. L., 564

Pokrovsky, M. N., 460

Poland, Polish, 59, 64, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 141, 144, 185, 193, 228–9, 246, 267, 374, 503n, 542, 543, 548, 677, 679, 705, 713, 816, 817; invasion of Ukraine by, 697–8, 699, 799; Soviet war against, 680, 700–1, 702, 716, 754; Treaty of Riga (1921), 703; uprisings, 70, 73, 228

Poliakov, Nikolai, 139, 650

Police: see Bureaucracy

Polish Socialist Party, 71, 82, 185

Political Centre, Irkutsk, 659

Polivanov, A. A., 61, 226, 260, 275, 278, 279, 699n

Polner, T. I., 437

Polovtsov, A. A., 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 52, 201, 247, 380n, 433

Poltava, 78, 106, 107, 233, 663

Poole, General F. C., 574

Popov, F. G., 755, 758

Popular Socialists, 225, 325, 464

Populists, Populism, 85–6, 87, 103, 134–8, 141; Land and Liberty (Zemlia i volia), 137, 138; Neo-Populism, 149, 161; People’s Will (Narodnaia volia), 138, 141, 144, 145, 146, 149, 152; ‘To the People’ movement, 85, 136–7. See also Socialist Revolutionaries, Terrorism

Port Arthur, 168, 170

Potemkin, battleship, 184–5, 737

Potresov, A. N., 146, 147, 150, 152, 392

Prague, 72n, 818

Pravda, newspaper, 245, 297, 388, 414, 425, 433, 522, 592, 627, 699, 788

Preobrazhensky, E. A., 726, 745, 803

Preparliament, 467, 482, 485

Prittwitz, General Friedrich von, 255–6

Progressist Party, 244n, 247, 252, 273

Progressive Bloc, 274–5, 286, 326, 341

Prokopovich, S. N., 487, 488, 779

Proletkult organization, 736, 737, 742, 745

Prostitution, 605, 781

Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 242

Protopopov, A. D., 286, 302, 310n, 312, 329

Provincial governors, 42, 43, 44–6

Provisional Government, 193, 217, 271, 274, 284, 293n, 299, 321, 334–8, 345, 349, 354–61, 364, 366, 370, 371–2, 374–8, 380, 381–4, 385, 387, 388, 393–5, 396, 398, 407, 408, 409, 410, 412, 413, 414n, 422, 433, 444, 445, 446, 478; Bolshevik insurrection and fall of, 481–500; Directory, 455 and n; establishment of, 334–8; First Coalition, 383–4, 409–10, 419–20, 438; ideology of, 355–8, 360–1, 366, 370–2, 382–4, 409–10; July Days, 421, 422–32; June offensive supported by, 407–10, 411, 412, 418, 419–20; Kerensky’s premiership, 436–8, 441, 442–55; and peace campaign, 380–1, 409; Second Coalition, 436, 437, 438, 447, 467; Third Coalition, 467

Przemysl, 266; Battle of (1914), 257

Pskov, 340, 341, 342, 344, 497, 520, 596, 644, 671

Pugachev, 777

Pugachev, Emelian, 11, 101, 119, 422, 628

Pulkovo Heights, Battle for, 673, 674

Purishkevich, V. M., 196, 278, 289, 290, 679