Англо-русский учебный словарь

Phonetic transcriptions of English words are not given. Russian pronunciation is indicated by stress marks. Alternative stresses are marked only if both stresses are in current use.

USE OF THE TILDE

The tilde sign stands for the whole English headword when repeated in an entry, thus: face л...; ~ to ~ лицом к лицу (= face to face); correct v/...; the teacher ~ed my essay... (= corrected).

USE OF THE HYPHEN, AND OF THE HYPHEN PLUS VERTICAL STROKE

In showing the perfective aspects of Russian verbs, a hyphen, when preceded by a prefix, represents the full Russian perfective, thus: писать (на-) (= написать).

With Russian words divided by a vertical stroke, the hyphen represents that part of the word which is to the left of the stroke, thus: получ|ать (-йть) (= получить); комсомолец, /-ка (= комсомолка).

A stress mark over the hyphen indicates shift of stress to the syllable immediately preceding the vertical stroke, thus: вставлять (^:ить) (= вставить); выполнять (-полнить) (= выполнить); проверить (^:ить) (= проверить).

USE OF BRACKETS

If a word in either English or Russian is enclosed in round brackets but is not in italics, it means that that word may be omitted without detriment to the sense of the phrase.

Round brackets are used to enclose the aspectival forms of Russian verbs. Russian italics are not used.

Round brackets in conjunction with (English) italics are used:

to enclose indicators of meaning;

to enclose abbreviated grammatical indications; e.g. to draw attention to a Russian singular used to translate an English plural or vice versa: variations In price изменение (sing) в ценах (pi); or to note the Russian use of an impersonal verb: I feel sick меня тошнит (impers); or to note the use of a Russian adverb to translate an English noun or adjective: in the vicinity of the station поблизости от/вблизи (advs) вокзала; etc.

Square brackets in conjunction with (English) italics are used for brief editorial comment, e.g. to enlarge on a point of grammar, or a construction. They are also used with an

NB to draw attention to an unexpected usage in Russian, e.g. to bake a lot of pastries напечь пирожков [NB use of prefix]; the market is buoyant торговля оживилась [NB tense].

INDICATING ALTERNATIVES: THE DIAGONAL STROKE, THE COMMA AND "OR"

The diagonal stroke is used:

to show different combinations which may be used with the headword and in the corresponding translations, thus: to get an answer/permission/a prize/recognition/a scolding получить ответ/ разрешение/ приз/ признание/ выговор;

to show possible alternatives within a phrase in one language only, thus: the casting/ deciding vote решающий голос; various forms of transport разные /различные виды тран­спорта.

A comma is used:

when two separate translations are offered for one English phrase, thus: in a manner of speaking в какой-то степени, можно сказать;

when English combinations separated by a diagonal stroke require two different Russian translations, thus: vegetable soup/salad овощной суп, салат из овощей.

Both the diagonal stroke and the comma may be needed when translating more than two English combinations, thus: a violent blow/attack of fever/explosion сильный удар/ приступ лихорадки, мощный взрыв.

"Or": when an alternative translation is shown within an alternative, the "sub-alternative" is indicated by the English word "or" written in italics, thus: I'm going to visit my sister я собираюсь (to drop in) зайти к сестре /(to stay) навестить сестру or погостить у сестры; bad manners/news плохие or дурные манеры/вести.

GRAMMAR: TREATMENT OF NOUNS

A knowledge of basic grammar and permutations of vowels is assumed. Gender is shown only for common nouns, and for masculine nouns ending in the soft sign, or in a non-mascu- line termination, thus:

левша (m and f) дождь (m) слуга (m) домишко (m).