Biohazard

Omutninsk, Scientific and Production base (formerly Eastern European Branch of the Institute of Applied Biochemistry). Researched and developed plague, tularemia.

Omutninsk, chemical production plant. Mobilization (reserve) facility for manufacturing plague, tularemia, glanders. Target capacity up to 100 tons of each weapon annually.

Penza, Combine "Biosyntez." Mobilization (reserve) plant for manufacturing dry form of anthrax BW. Assigned target capacity: 500 tons of unmodified anthrax weapon over one year.

Stepnogorsk, Kazakhstan, Progress Scientific and Production Base (formerly Kazakhstan branch of the Institute of Applied Biochemistry). Mobilization (reserve) facility designated to produce 300 tons of modified form of anthrax BW over 250 days. Also designated for production of plague, glanders, and tularemia BW. Researched and developed anthrax and glanders. Tested anthrax, glanders, Marburg.

Vilnius, Lithuania, Institute of Immunology. Researched and developed enzymes for molecular biology and genetic engineering research. The research was subsequently used to develop genetically altered weapons at other facilities without the knowledge of institute officials.

Yoshkar-Ola, Mordovia Autonomous Republic, Special Design Bureau of Controlling Instrument and Automation. Designed and manufactured equipment and instrumentation for BW weapons development, testing.

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

Almaty, Kazakhstan, Production Facility "Biocombinat." Reserve mobilization plant for production of BW, primarily anthrax.

Golitsino, Scientific Institute of Phytopathology. Developed anticrop weapons, including agents for destruction of wheat, rye, corn, and rice.

Otar Railway Station, Kazakhstan, scientific institute and test site. Tested anticrop and antilivestock BW.

Pokrov, production plant. Mobilization facility for manufacture of smallpox (up to 100 tons) and Venezulelan equine encephalitis (40 to 80 tons), as well as other viral weapons. Reserve facility for antilivestock BW.

Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Scientific Institute of Phytopathology. Researched and developed anticrop weapons.

Vladimir, research and development facility. Researched and developed antilivestock weapons: African swine fever, foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest, etc.

MINISTRY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

Several labs operating under the control of the Chemical Weapons Directorate were involved in biological weapons work, including the development of toxic organic substances. At least one lab was located in Moscow.

MINISTRY OF HEALTH

Second Main Directorate

Controlled about a dozen antiplague institutes and research facilities for work on microbiology and epidemiology scattered around the USSR. In addition to peaceful medical research, overseen by the Main Sanitary Epidemiological Directorate, which ran them, these facilities were responsible for investigating new strains of pathogenic microorganisms that could be used as biological weapons.

The institutes were located in Minsk (Belarus), Saratov, Irkutsk, Samara (formerly Kuybyshev), Rostov-on-Don, Almaty, and Volgograd, among others.

Third Main Directorate

Controlled a network of special hospitals and medical units to serve biological weapons research-and-development facilities. A second network investigated biological agents that could cause nonlethal and lethal organic and physiological changes (Program "Flute"). Several labs in this second network developed toxins and other substances for use against "individual human targets."

Moscow, Medstatistika. Gathered medical/BW intelligence from all over the world, mostly from open-source medical journals, but also analyzed information gathered covertly.

Moscow, Institute of Applied Molecular Biology (later Russian Scientific Center of Molecular Diagnostics and Treatment). Studied various biological substances in order to find those that could kill or cause irreversible mental damage.

Moscow, Institute of Immunology. Studied regulatory peptides with toxic properties capable of triggering both reversible and irreversible changes in the neural and immune systems.