Biohazard

Baklanov, Oleg, 209, 216

Beadle, George, 156-57

Behring, Emil von, 125

Belarus, 227-28

Belousov, Igor, 150, 180-81

Belye Odezhdy (White Robes) (Dudintsev), 187

Benetsky (bureaucrat), 25

Bcrdennikov, Grigory, 228, 257

ftmlsk Scientific and Production Base, 59-60

Beria, Lavrenty, 37, 93

biodefense, 271, 280-92

— arms treaties and, 284-85

— biotechnology companies and, 284

— bioweapons convention and, 284-85

— early detection systems and, 284

— First Responders program and, 283-84

— inadequacy of present systems of, xi

— military and civilian network for, 282

— nonspecific immunity approach to, 289-91

— superterrorism and, 281-82

— vaccine stockpiling and, 282,285-88

Bioeffekt Ltd., 272-73

Biokombinat, 38

Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention of 1972, v

— failure to require site inspections by, 145, 194-95

— regulations of, 155

— Soviet endorsement of, x, 257

— Soviet violations of, 72, 145, 149-50, 194-96

— strengthening of, 284—85

— U.S. charged with violation of, 274

Biological Integrated Detection System (BIDS), 284

biological weapons: in Afghan conflict, 268

— animal testing of, ix-x, 17, 21, 27, 28, 54, 72–73, 97,126, 128, 163-64

— anti-crop, 38, 301

— anti-livestock, 38, 301

— "anti-machinery," 268-69

— approval process for, 26–28, 133

— Bolshevik experiment with, 32-33

— British research on, 231-33

— Cold War and, x, xi, 89–90, 115

— cruise missiles and, 140-41

— early uses of, 20

— Ecology program and, 37-38

— effectiveness and potency of, 20–22, 97,105

— Enzyme program founding and, 41-43

— genetic engineering and, 40–42, 155-57,160-64,166-67, 273-75

— history of Soviet development of, ix-xi, 18–20, 32–44

— international trade in, 278-79

— Iraqi program for, 277-79

— Japanese World War II program for, 20, 36–37, 166

— loss of virulence in, 20, 166

— Lysenko's influence on, 39–40

— perestroika's effect on, 116-17, 174

— political assassinations with, 172-77

— post-Cold War conflicts and, 268-69

— proliferation of, 271-73, 277, 278-79

— Soviet codes for, 20 SS-18

— missiles as delivery system for, 5–8, 78

— in Stalingrad, 29–31

— stockpiling of, x, xi, 166, 272

— target delivery of, 20–21

— toxins and, 154-55

— U.S. programs for, 18, 114-15, 181-83,227-35,278-79

— vulnerability of, 272-73

— weaponization of, 6, 25–26, 42, 61, 73, 81–82, 87, 89, 93, 97–99, 105-6, 166-67, 272

— Western cities targeted by, x, 78, 281

— Western surveillance efforts and, 81

— in World War I, 232

Biomash, 193-94, 195, 204, 205, 263

— August coup and, 209-10, 213, 218, 222

Biopreparat:

— Anglo-American demarche and, 149-50, 152

— Anglo-American inspection teams at, 194-204

— Berdsk facility of, 59–61

— Biosafety Directorate of, 116

— civilian institutes operating within, 184,186-87,299

— civilian scientists recruited by, 259

— covert nature of, x, 4, 70, 75, 81, 82, 90, 106, 150, 161

— employee earnings at, 185

— Enzyme program founded at, 41-43

— Fifteenth Directorate's conflict with, 22–23

— Five Year Plans assigned to, 23, 111, 117-18

— founding of, 22, 41–42, 44, 155, 264, 297, 298

— governmental programs connected with, 172, 177, 178, 248

— history of, 22–23

— KA's appointments and promotions at, x-xi, 4–7, 24–25, 44, 82, 96, 115-16, 145, 169, 193-94, 273

— KA's resignation from, xi, 212-18, 242, 243-4

— Lithuanian laboratories of, 186-87

— management election and, 191-92

— Moscow headquarters of, 9-10, 13–14, 19, 168-79

— Omutninsk Scientific and Production Base of, 52, 54–58

— organization of, 298–300

— Pasechnik's defection and, 137-44, 150

— perestroika's effect on, 116-17, 174

— post-Soviet changes at, 242, 248

— reorganizations of, 187-91, 298-99

— research facilities of, 42

— safety warnings of, 131

— scientific advisory council to, 158, 159

— security restrictions in, 14, 161-62, 272

— Stepnogorsk facility of, 82–83, 87–93, 96-109

— supplying of raw materials to, 18–19 tularemia project of, 25–28, 61, 81, 82

— U.S. tour delegation of, 226-27

Black Death, 8, 164, 166 see also plague

Bobkov, Filipp (KGB deputy director), 178

Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, see Machupo virus Bonfire project, 154, 155, 159, 163, 166, 222, 261

— Severin Institute and, 171-72

Boronin, Professor, 158

botulinum toxin, 281, 284, 286

Braithwaite, Roderic, 149

Brezhnev, Leonid, 11, 41, 42, 52, 82, 87, 117, 157, 207, 274

Bronson, Lisa, 239-40, 251, 252

brucellosis (Malta fever), ix, 232, 281, 286

— Soviet code for, 20

— symptoms of, 60

— weaponization of, 61, 93

Bulgak, Anatoly, 91–93, 99-100

— Markin incident and, 102-4

Bulgaria, 173, 277

Burgasov, Pyotr, 75, 85–86

Bush, George, 152, 208

Butuzov, Valery, 168,169-75,177, 231

Bykov, Valery, 44, 116-17, 141-43, 144, 178-79,188, 192, 211, 238

Canada, 231,232, 290

Castro, Fidel, 274

Catherine II (the Great), Empress of Russia, 147

CD-22, Operation, 234

Center for Strategic and International Studies, U.S., 283

Center of Toxicology and Hygienic Regulation of Biopreparations, Soviet, 302

Centers for Disease Control, U.S., 110, 114, 282

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 170, 235, 282

Chelyabinsk nuclear accident, 76