Biohazard

I want to thank Frank Cilluffo, Walter Dorn, Ambassador Jack Matlock, Jr., Susan Simpson, and Jessica Stern for their insight and assistance at various stages of this project. I am grateful to Hal Pas-trick and other colleagues at SRS Technologies for initiating me into the ways of American research and defense and to my new colleagues at Batelle Memorial Institute for providing support with my new scientific projects.

The friendship and support of Olga Deviatkova, Mark Berkovich, Melissa Bailey, Jenny Patrick, Harry H. Horning, and Marat and Sasha Akchurin have made my integration into life in America less difficult than it might otherwise have been. This book is a testament to their support. I must also thank those friends and officials in Russia, Kazakhstan, and the United States who assisted my family in its passage to America. Although I cannot name them here, these pages are a way of expressing my heartfelt appreciation for the risks they took. I wish especially to thank my friend Victor Seemann, a former intelligence colonel (the only one whose name I can mention), whose help in understanding American life was invaluable.

To Lena, the mother of my lovely children, I owe a debt that can never be repaid. Her love and counsel carried over from our life together in the Soviet Union to our resettlement in a new and confusing world. Mira, Alan, and Timur have been a source of constant inspiration to me. As I watch them blossom and grow in the peaceful society they've made their own, I realize they are the real reason for writing this book.

Finally, I wish to dedicate these pages to my parents, as well as to my brother, Bakhit, and my sister, Saule. May their love continue to strengthen me for many years to come.

Index

Afghanistan:

— biological weapons used in, 268

— Soviet conflict with, 89, 268, 269

aflatoxin, 278, 286

African swine fever, 38

Against the Grain (Yeltsin), 79

Agriculture Department, U.S., 183, 257

— Exotic Disease Laboratory of, 282

Agriculture Ministry, Soviet:

— biological weapons program of, x, 37–38, 112, 158, 264, 295, 301, 303

— facilities of, 301

AIDS, 19,109,184,290

Akhromeyev, Sergei, 221

Aksyonenko, Colonel, 29–31, 45

Alibek, Alan (son), 61, 253

Alibek, Ken:

— anthrax mass production technique of, 6, 87–88, 96-97

— anthrax weapon of, 96–99,105, 258

— brucellosis weapon of, 61, 93

— cover identity of, 4

— defection of, xi, 250-56, 265-67

— duties as war commander of Stepnogorsk, 82–83, 87–93, 96-106

— graduate studies of, 29–31, 44

— Kalinin's recruitment of, 23–25

— KGB run-ins with, 53, 66–67, 91–96, 100-4, 141-44, 169-70, 180-83

— KGB's attempted recruitment of, 93-96

— lab training of, 52–57, 58

— marriage of, 58–59

— medical education of, x, 13, 44, 52-54

— military career of, x-xi, 4, 115, 242

— recruited for biological research, 45–47

— resignation of, xi, 212-18, 242, 243-44

— smallpox weapon project of, 117, 118,119-20, 121.-22

— tularemia infection of, 63-69

— tularemia weapon of, 25–28, 61, 81,82

— U.S. debriefing of, xi, 257-58, 261-62, 267-68

— on U.S. inspection tour, 226-31, 235-40

— vaccine allergy of, 51, 287

Alibek, Lena Yemesheva (wife), 245

— background and education of, 58–59

— courtship and marriage of, 58–59

— KA and, 4, 58–59, 63, 67–70, 90, 208, 209, 213-14, 219-20, 241, 251-52, 253, 256, 258

— motherhood of, 4, 61, 102, 214, 220, 251

Alibek, Mira (daughter), 61, 102, 253

Alibek, Timur (son), 102, 253

Alibekov, Bayzak (father), 57–58, 95, 254-55

American Type Culture Collection, 278-79

Andropov, Yury, 11, 86,117,161,173

anthrax, ix, 153

— Anthrax 836 strain of, 78, 87–88, 105

— antibiotic-resistant strain of, 160, 167

— Aum Shinrikyo attack with, 278-79

— cutaneous form of, 72, 76–77, 85, 105

— detection of, 284

— discovery of, 78, 87

— Glass House nightclub hoax and, 279

— incubation period of, 7–8, 74, 77–78

— intestinal form of, 72, 85

— Iraqi acquisition of, 278-79

— Japanese experiments on POWs with, 36 KA's work with, 6, 87–88, 97–99, 105, 258

— Kirov accident and, 78 1979 Sverdlovsk accident with, 70–86, 106

— potency of, 97, 105

— pulmonary or inhalational form of, 73–74, 76, 77-78

— recipe for, 98, 272

— Soviet code for, 20 Soviet production capacity for, 99, 105-6

— spores of, 73, 74, 76, 77, 115

— Stepnogorsk facility for, 82–83, 87–93, 96-106

— stockpiling of, x, 272 symptoms of, 7–8, 76–78, 105

— terrorism and, 278-79

— treatment of, 73, 77, 78, 105

— U.S. project on, 232-33

— U.S. vaccine program for, 285-87

— vaccine against, 73, 78, 105, 286

— vaccine-resistant strain of, 261, 281

— weaponization of, 6, 42, 73, 81–82, 87–88, 89, 97–99,105-6, 272

antibiotics, 73, 77, 78, 105, 155-56, 160,167, 281

antibodies, 108-9, 286, 288-89

arbo viruses, 109

Argentinean hemorrhagic fever, see Junin virus Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 257

Arzhakov, Alexei, 180-82

Aum Shinrikyo cult, 278-79

bacteria, 107, 108

— antibiotic-resistant strains of, 155-56, 160, 167, 281

— cross-border trade in, 278-79

— cultivation of, 53–54, 97–99

— genetic engineering of, 42, 155-57, 160, 163-64,166-67, 273-74, 275

Bailey, Charles, 225, 228-29, 230, 305