Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity

Wasser, S. K., and D. P. Barash (1983) “Reproductive Suppression Among Female Mammals: Implications for Biomedecine and Sexual Selection Theory,” Quarterly Review of Biology 58:513-38; Abbott, D. H. (1987) “Behaviorally Mediated Suppression of Reproduction in Female Primates,” Journal of Zoology, London 213:455–70; Reyer et al. 1986 (Pied Kingfisher); Macdonald and Moehlman 1982 (Wild Dogs); Jennions, M. D., and D. W. Macdonald (1994) “Cooperative Breeding in Mammals,” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:89–93; Creel and Macdonald 1995 (Wild Dogs); Solomon, N. G., and J.A. French, eds. (1997) Cooperative Breeding in Mammals, pp. 304—5 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

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American Bison (Komers et al. 1994:324 [see also discussion in chapter 4]); Pied Kingfisher (Reyer et al. 1986:216); tamarins and marmosets (Snowdon, C. T. [1996] “Infant Care in Cooperatively Breeding Species,” Advances in the Study of Behavior 25:643—89, especially pp. 677-80); other species (Solomon and French, Cooperative Breeding in Mammals, p. 5).

95

Rohrbach, C. (1982) “Investigation of the Bruce Effect in the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus),” Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 65:411–17.

96

Bighorn Sheep (Geist 1971:181, 295); Red Deer (Clutton-Brock et al. 1983:371–72); Northern Quoll and other carnivorous marsupials (Dickman and Braithwaite 1992); Ruffed Grouse (Gullion 1981:379–80); Western Gull (Pyle et al. 1997:140,145); Spotted Hyena (Frank and Glickman 1994). For further discussion of the avoidance of reproduction because of its stressful and potentially injurious effects on the individual, see Hand 1981:140—42 (Laughing Gull).

97

Wagner, R. H. (1991) “The Use of Extrapair Copulations for Mate Appraisal by Razorbills, Alca torda,” Behavioral Ecology 2:198—203; Sheldon, B. C. (1993) “Sexually Transmitted Disease in Birds: Occurrence and Evolutionary Significance,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 339:491–97; Hamilton, W. D. (1990) “Mate Choice Near or Far,” American Zoologist 30:341–52; Freeland, W. J. (1976) “Pathogens and the Evolution of Primate Sociality,” Biotropica 8:12—24. See also Birkhead, T. R., and A. P. Moller (1992) Sperm Competition in Birds: Evolutionary Causes and Consequences, p. 194 (London: Academic Press); Eberhard, Female Control, p. 111.

98

Watson, L. (1981) Sea Guide to Whales of the World, p. 174 (New York: E.P. Dutton).

99

For further discussion, see Peterson 1968, Gentry 1981 (Northern Fur Seal); Smith 1976:71 (Musk-ox).

100

Lee and Cockburn 1985:87—90, 163—70 (Carnivorous Marsupials).

101

Birkhead, T. R., and A. P. Møller (1993) “Sexual Selection and the Temporal Separation of Reproductive Events: Sperm Storage Data from Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals,” Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 50:295-311; Birkhead and Møller, Sperm Competition in Birds; Shugart, G. W. (1988) “Uterovaginal Sperm-storage Glands in Sixteen Species with Comments on Morphological Differences,” Auk 105:379—84; Stewart, G. R. (1972) “An Unusual Record of Sperm Storage in a Female Garter Snake (Genus Thamnophis),” Herpetologica 28:346-47; Racey, P. A. (1979) “The Prolonged Storage and Survival of Spermatozoa in Chiroptera,” Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 56:391-96; Baker and Bellis, Human Sperm Competition, pp. 42—43; Eberhard, Female Control, pp. 50—61, 167—69.

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Sandell, M. (1990) “The Evolution of Seasonal Delayed Implantation,” Quarterly Review of Biology 65:23—42; York and Scheffer 1997:680 (Northern Fur Seal); Renfree, M. B., and J. H. Calaby (1981) “Background to Delayed Implantation and Embryonic Diapause,” in A. P. F. Flint, M. B. Renfree, and B. J. Weir, eds., Embryonic Diapause in Mammals, Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, supplement no. 29:1-9; Riedman, M. (1990) The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses, pp. 224-25 (Berkeley: University of California Press).

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Greylag Goose (Lorenz 1979:74).

104

Francis, C. M., E. L. P. Anthony, J. A. Brunton, and T. H. Kunz (1994) “Lactation in Male Fruit Bats,” Nature 367:691-92.

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