Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity

Stoleson, S. H., and S. R. Beissinger (1995) “Hatching Asynchrony and the Onset of Incubation in Birds, Revisited: When Is the Critical Period?” in D. M. Power, ed., Current Ornithology, vol. 12, pp. 191-270 (New York: Plenum Press); Evans, R. M., and S. C. Lee (1991) “Terminal-Egg Neglect: Brood Reduction Strategy or Cost of Asynchronous Hatching?” Acta XX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici (Proceedings of the 20th International Ornithological Congress, Christchurch, New Zealand), vol. 3, pp. 1734—40 (Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Ornithological Trust Board); Mock, D. W. (1984) “Siblicidal Aggression and Resource Monopolization in Birds,” Science 225:731—32; O‘Connor, R. J. (1978) “Brood Reduction in Birds: Selection for Fratricide, Infanticide, or Suicide?” Animal Behavior 26:79-96.

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Skeel and Mallory (1996) “Whimbrel (Numenius phaerops)” in A. Poole and F. Gill, eds., The Birds of North America: Life Histories for the 21st Century, no. 219, p. 17 (Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists’ Union); Skutch, A. F. (1976) Parent Birds and Their Young, pp. 349-50 (Austin: University of Texas Press); Anthonisen, K., C. Krokene, and J. T. Lifjeld (1997) “Brood Division Is Associated with Fledgling Dispersion in the Bluethroat (Luscinia s. svecica),” Auk 114:553—61; Székely et al., “An Evolutionary Approach to Offspring Desertion in Birds,” pp. 275-76.

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See discussion on p. 171 and the references in note 7 (this chapter).

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Pierotti and Murphy 1987 (Western Gull/Kittiwake); Redondo, T., E S. Tortosa, and L. A. de Reyna (1995) “Nest Switching and Alloparental Care in Colonial White Storks,” Animal Behavior 49:1097—110; Tella, J. L., M. G. Forero, J. A. Donázar, J. J. Negro, and F. Hiraldo (1997) “Non-Adaptive Adoptions of Nestlings in the Colonial Lesser Kestrel: Proximate Causes and Fitness Consequences,” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 40:253-60. For egg transfer with adoption, see Black-billed Magpie, Caspian Tern, Cliff Swallow; for egg transfer through swallowing and regurgitation, see Vermeer, K. (1967) “Foreign Eggs in Nests of California Gulls,” Wilson Bulletin 79:341; for a case of egg transfer that does not necessarily involve adoption, see Truslow, F. K. (1967) “Egg-Carrying by the Pileated Woodpecker,” Living Bird 6:227-36.

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For further examples of animals caring for offspring other than their own, see the index and the following articles: Riedman, M. L. (1982) “The Evolution of Alloparental Care and Adoption in Mammals and Birds,” Quarterly Review of Biology 57:405-35; Lank, D. B., M. A. Bousfield, F. Cooke, and R. F. Rockwell (1991) “Why Do Snow Geese Adopt Eggs?” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2:181-87; Andersson, M. (1984) “Brood Parasitism Within Species,” in C. J. Barnard, ed., Producers and Scroungers: Strategies of Exploitation and Parasitism, pp. 195-228 (London: Croom Helm); Yom-Tov, Y. (1980) “Intraspecific Nest Parasitism in Birds,” Biological Reviews 55:93-108; Quiatt, D. (1979) “Aunts and Mothers: Adaptive Implications of Allo-maternal Behavior of Nonhuman Primates,” American Anthropologist 81:310-19; Packer, C., S. Lewis, and A. Pusey (1992) “A Comparative Analysis of Non-Offspring Nursing,” Animal Behavior 43:265-81; Solomon and French, Cooperative Breeding in Mammals, especially pp. 335-63.

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For surveys of various types of mating systems, see Rowland, R. (1966) Comparative Biology of Reproduction in Mammals (Orlando: Academic Press); Slater, P. J. B., and T. R. Halliday, eds. (1994) Behavior and Evolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); Clutton-Brock, T. G. (1989) “Mammalian Mating Systems,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 235:339-72.

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See, for example, Palombit (1994a,b, 1996), especially with regard to reevaluating the nature and diversity of pair-bonding, fidelity, and monogamy in Gibbons. It should also be pointed out that because the occurrence of infidelity between pair-bonded partners has only been appreciated relatively recently, the term monogamy is often used in the zoological literature simply as a synonym for pair-bonding.

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