Catherine the Great & Potemkin: The Imperial Love Affair

CHAPTER 28: MY SUCCESSES ARE YOURS

1 For the main sources for this account of the Second Turkish War, see chapter 26, note 1. KFZ 11 February 1789. Also for this chapter: Madariaga, Russia pp 407–11, and Alexander, CtG pp 262–85.

2 Zavadovsky p 321.

3 KFZ 15 April 1789. RS (1876) October p 23.

4 SBVIM vol 7 p 127, GAP to A. V. Suvorov 23 April 1789.

5 CII Sochineniya vol 12, 2nd half-volume pp 699–701, L 355–7, June 1789. Khrapovitsky pp 255, 260, 11 April 1789.

6 Khrapovitsky, 11 and 12 February 1789.

7 RGADA 5.85.2.150–1, L 327, CII to GAP 27 November 1788.

8 B&F vol 2 p 340, JII to Count Cobenzl 24 April 1789; p 344, 19 May 1789; p 326, Cobenzl to JII 24 January 1789; p 335, 15 April 1789.

9 AVPRI 5.585.236, L 358, GAP to CII 9 July 1789, Olviopol.

10 AVPRI 5.585.299–303, L 334, GAP to CII February 1789.

11 AKV 13: 180–1, A. A. Bezborodko to Simon Vorontsov 7 March 1789.

12 Bezborodko letters 1685, GAP to Bezborodko 1789.

13 RGVIA 52.2.64.12, Ségur to GAP ud, spring/summer 1789, unpublished.

14 Aragon p 280, N-S to wife.

15 Ségur, Mémoires 1859 p 152.

16 Ségur, Mémoires 1859 pp 152–3.

17 This account of the Jones sex scandal is based on the Otis, Morison and Preedy biographies of Jones, as well as on unpublished letters from the Comte de Ségur to GAP in RGVIA.

18 RGVIA 52.2.64.12, Ségur to GAP ud, summer 1789, St Petersburg, unpublished. Ségur, Mémoires 1859 pp 164–5.

19 J. P. Jones to GAP 13 April 1789, quoted in Otis p 359. Statement to chief of police quoted in Morison p 388. RGVIA 52.2.64.12, Ségur to GAP ud, summer of 1789, St Petersburg, unpublished.

20 RGVIA 52.2.47.31, Prince Kaunitz to GAP 30 June 1789, Vienna, unpublished.

21 AVPRI 5.585.203, L 344, GAP to CII April 1789. KFZ 12 April 1789.

22 RGADA 5.85.2.17, L 343/4, CII to GAP April 1789.

23 RGADA 5.85.1.496, L 343, GAP to CII and CII to GAP April 1789.

24 Petrov, Vtoraya turetskaya voyna vol 2 appendix pp 15–16, GAP’s report from 10 June 1789, Elisabethgrad. RGVIA 52.2.48.3, GAP to Cobenzl 25 March 1789, on the battleplan for 1789, unpublished.

25 GAP received frequent reports on the French Revolution from the Russian Ambassador to Versailles Simolin (e.g. RGVIA 52.2.56.31, Simolin to GAP 27 April/8 May 1790, Paris, unpublished – ‘The King is a phantom prisoner in the Tuilleries…a horrendous anarchy.)’ Count Stackelberg in Warsaw also sent news (RGVIA 52.2.39.306, Stackelberg to GAP 26 July/6 August 1789, Warsaw, unpublished – ‘Paris presents the vision of a vast camp – all doors closed…streets full of soldiers, women who excite their courage…’.) When he returned to France, the Comte dé Segur also reported on events to GAP: RGVIA 52.2.64.24, Ségur to GAP 9 May NS 1790, Paris, unpublished – ‘we’re in convulsions’.

26 AVPRI 5.585.347, L 353, GAP to CII 25 June 1789, Olviopol. GAP received information about the Polish Revolution from a wide variety of sources. Most of these unpublished letters and reports remain in his archives: RGVIA 52.2.70.1. Branicki for example reported on the situation in Warsaw on 31 December 1788, unpublished. Stackelberg sent detailed reports and local newspapers, e.g. RGVIA 52.2.39.290, Stackelberg to GAP 1/12 June 1789. GAP himself tried to calm the Russophobia by instructing Stackelberg and others to reassure King Stanislas-Augustus and others about his own peaceful intentions towards Poland, e.g. RGVIA 52.2.39.11, GAP to Stackelberg 6 July 1788, Ochakov, unpublished, or RGVIA 52.2.39.21, GAP to Stackelberg 20 July 1789, Olviopol, unpublished. These are mostly outside the remit of this work but should be invaluable to students of Russo-Polish relations.

27 SIMPIK KV vol 2 p 9. GAP’s orders to his Cossack officers show his gradual development of Cossack forces into a substantial new Host. GAP to Ataman Sidor Bely 2 January 1788, Elisabethgrad; p 10, GAP to A. A. Golavaty on formation of Black Sea Host from ex-Zaporogian Cossacks 10 August 1788; p 24, GAP to Anton Golavaty to recruit the new Black Sea Host 4 October 1789.

28 AVPRI 5.585.339, L 350, GAP to CII 10 June 1789, Elisabethgrad.

29 RS (1876) 15 p 16, Garnovsky December 1786.

30 Masson pp 42, 55. Vigée Lebrun pp 13–14. Golovina p 120. Golovina, who shows Catherine’s playful simplicity with her ladies, was writing about the last year of the Empress’s life. They knew she was not well and Golovina wept after she seeing her for the last time.

31 CII Sochinenya vol 12, 2nd half-volume pp 699–701, L 355, CII to GAP June 1789. RGADA 5.85.2.166–7, CII to GAP 14 July 1789.

32 RS (1876) 16 p 400, Garnovsky to Popov 21 June 1789. RGADA 5.85.2.3–4, GAP to CII 18 July 1789, Olviopol.

33 AKV 12: 63, P. V. Zavadovsky to S. R. Vorontsov June 1789, St Petersburg.

34 Khrapovitsky pp 290–1, 19 June 1789.

35 RS (1876) 16 pp 406–7, Garnovsky to Popov.

36 Masson pp 99–100.

37 RS (1876) 16 p 404, Garnovsky to Popov. Khrapovitsky p 290, 18–23 June 1789.

38 RGADA 5.85.2.163, L 358, CII to GAP 6 July 1789.