Catherine the Great & Potemkin: The Imperial Love Affair

8 SIRIO 42: 163, CII to Prince de Ligne 21 May 1791. SIRIO 33: 349, CII to Baron F. M. Grimm 30 March 1791.

9 AGAD 421: 10–11, Deboli to SA March 1791, unpublished.

10 Stedingk p 98, Jennings to Fronce 17 March NS 1791.

11 AGAD 421: 12–15 and 20–1, Deboli to SA 1 April and 8 April 1791, unpublished. Stedingk p 103, Stedingk to Gustavus III 25 March NS 1791, St Petersburg.

12 AGAD 421: 12–15 and 20–1, Deboli to SA 1 April and 8 April 1791, unpublished. Stedingk p 103, Stedingk to Gustavus III 25 March NS 1791, St Petersburg.

13 Stedingk pp 98–108, Stedingk to Gustavus III and Jennings to Fronce 17, 21 25 March, 1 April NS 1791, St Petersburg.

14 AAE 20: 134–5, Langeron, ‘Evénements 1790’. RP 1.1 p 72.

15 Vigée Lebrun vol 1 p 325. Czartoryski p 37.

16 Engelhardt, 1868 p 69.

17 SIRIO 54 (1886): p 149, Richelieu, ‘Mon voyage’. Golovina pp 24–5.

18 RGVIA 52.11.69.61, GAP to Count Joseph de Witte 21 September 1788, unpublished.

19 RP 1.1 p 72. AGAD 421: 5–6 and 20–1, Deboli to SA ud, March 1791, and 8 April 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

20 AGAD 421: 12–15 and 20–1, Deboli to SA 1 and 8 April 1791, unpublished. Stedingk p 103, Stedingk to Gustavus III 25 March NS 1791, St Petersburg.

21 AGAD 421: 12–15, Deboli to SA 1 April 1791, St Petersburg unpublished. Stedingk p 108, Jennings to Fronce 1 April 1791, St Petersburg. AAE 20: 286, Langeron, ‘Evénements 1790’.

22 AGAD 421: 22–3 Deboli to SA 12 April 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

23 Ehrman, vol 2 pp 18–19. RGADA 5.85.2.290, L 455, CII to GAP 25 April 1791. The despatch of Suvorov to Sweden is regarded by most Suvorov historians are more evidence of Potemkin’s jealousy, though in fact the Swedish threat was a real one in April 1791.

24 Stedingk p 107, Jennings to Fronce 1 April NS 1791, St Petersburg.

25 Stedingk pp 113–16, Stedingk to Gustavus III 8 April NS 1791, St Petersburg.

26 Stedingk pp 109–10, Jennings to Fronce 1 April NS 1791, St Petersburg.

27 Stedingk pp 113–16, Stedingk to Gustavus III 8 April NS 1791, St Petersburg.

28 AGAD 421: 16–19, Deboli to SA 5 April 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

29 K. E. Dzedzhula, Rossiya i velikaya Frantzuzskaya burzhuaznaya revolyutsiya kontsa XVIII veka p 281. Literaturnoye nasledstvo (Moscow 1937) vol 29–30 pp 448–50, Baron Simolin to Count Osterman 21 March/1 April 1791, Paris pp 450–1. Also AKV 8: 1–38, S. R. Vorontosov to F. V. Rostopchin 18/29 November 1796. GAP was closely informed of the Revolution both by Stackelberg in Warsaw, whose letters are in RGVIA 52.2.39.385, and by Simolin, for example RGVIA 52.2.56.31, as well as by Ségur: RGVIA 52.2.64.24, Comte de Ségur to GAP 9 May 1790, Paris. All these are unpublished. Catherine’s true opinion of Mirabeau (‘fit to be broken on the wheel’) is in SIRIO 23 (1878): 520, CII to Grimm 30 April 1791. Antonina Vallentin, Mirabeau: Voice of the Revolution p 65.

30 Stedingk p 111, Stedingk to Gustavus III 8 April NS 1791, St Petersburg.

31 Stedingk p 94, Stedingk to Gustavus III 11 March NS 1791; and p 96, 17 March 1791, St Petersburg.

32 ADAD 421: 84 Deboli to SA ud, March? 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

33 Derzhavin Sochineniya vol 6 p 592.

34 Madariaga, Politics and Culture pp 166–7. Franz Demmler, Memoirs of the Court of Prussia p 342.

35 Vernadsky Imperatritsa Ekaterina II i Zakonodatdnaya Komissiya 1767–8 pp 237–9, quoted in Lopatin, Potemkin i Suvorov p 213.

36 Robert H. Lord, The Second Partition of Poland pp 180–1. Goertz p 74.

37 Khrapovitsky p 359, 15, 17, 22 March 1791.

38 RS (1892) April p 179, Memoirs of Fyodor Secretarev.

39 Khrapovitsky pp 359–61, 7 and 9 April 1791. Madariaga, Russia p 418. Lord p 181 and appendix 5, Osterman to Alopeus 14/25 March 1791.

40 SIRIO 42: 150–1. RS (1887) 55 p 317.

41 Ehrman vol 2 pp 19–28. Madariaga, Russia p 418. Lord pp 183–5. Hansard XXIX: 31 and 52–79. AKV 8: 1–38, S. R. Vorontsov to Rostopchin 18/29 November 1796. The Marquess of Salisbury compared the confrontation of Britain with Russia in 1878 to a fight between a shark and a wolf (quoted in Andrew Roberts, Salisbury, (London 1999).

42 PRO FO Secretary of State: State Papers, Foreign, cyphers SP106/67 no 29, Charles Whitworth 10 June 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.

43 Odessa State Local History Museum, invitation to Countess Osterman 28 April 1791. Author’s visit to Odessa August 1998. Unpublished.

CHAPTER 32: CARNIVAL AND CRISIS