Эффект негативности. Как способность замечать плохое трансформирует нашу реальность

125 попытки оказались провальными: J. Saffron, «Reforms Aimed at Fighting Grade Inflation Are Falling Short,» James G. Martin Center, May 4, 2015, https://www.jamesgmartin.center/2015/05/reforms-aimed-at-fighting-grade-inflation-are-falling-short/.

125 «правда в оценках»: T. K. Lindsay, «If A Is Average, Say So – the Dawn of Honest Transcripts,» Minding the Campus, December 18, 2013, https://www.mindingthecampus.org/2013/12/18/if_a_is_average_say_so-the_da/.

126 законодатели в Техасе: T. Lindsay, «Texas Legislature Looks to Lift College Grading Standards,» Forbes, February 28, 2015, https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomlindsay/2015/02/28/the-texas-legislature-looks-to-lift-college-grading-standards/#52e0bd41a037.

126 как Харви Мэнсфилд: T. Andersen, N. Jacques, and T. Feathers, «Harvard Professor Says Grade Inflation Rampant,» Boston Globe, December 4, 2013, https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/12/03/harvard-professor-raises-concerns-about-grade-inflation/McZH fRZ2RxpoP5Xvwged1N/story.html, and M. Q. Clarida and N. P. Fandos, «Substantiating Fears of Grade Inflation, Dean Says Median Grade at Harvard College is A—, Most Common Grade Is A,» Harvard Crimson, May 26, 2017, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2013/12/3/grade-inflation-mode-a/.

126 город рядом с Чикаго: R. G. Fryer, S. D. Levitt, J. List, and S. Sadoff, «Enhancing the Efficacy of Teacher Incentives Through Loss Aversion: AField Experiment,» National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper No. 18237 (2012).

127 фабрика в Нанкине: T. Hossain and J. A. List, «The Behavioralist Visits the Factory: Increasing Productivity Using Simple Framing Manipulations,» Management Science 58 (2012): 2151–67.

128 Откровение чипсов: Drawn from an interview with Dick Grote and from his book Discipline Without Punishment: The Proven Strategy That Turns Problem Employees into Superior Performers (New York: AMACOM, 2006).

132 постоянно демонстрировали психологи: R. F. Baumeister, A. M. Stillwell, and T. F. Heatheron, «Guilt: An Interpersonal Approach,» Psychological Bulletin 115 (1994): 243–67; J. P. Tangney and R. L. Dearing, Shame and Guilt (New York: Guilford Press, 2002); F. J. Flynn and R. L. Schaumberg, «When Feeling Bad Leads to Feeling Good: Guilt-Proneness and Affective Organizational Commitment,» Journal of Applied Psychology (2012): 124–33.

Глава 6: Бизнес для чайников

136 Байингтон начала обсуждать: Interviews with Eliza Byington and Will Felps.

136 Лингвист Джефф Нанберг: G. Nunberg, «Bad Apple Proverbs: There’s One in Every Bunch,» Fresh Air, NPR, May 5, 2011, https://www.npr.org/2011/05/09/136017612/bad-apple-proverbs-theres-one-in-every-bunch.

137 Бенджамин Франклин предупреждал: B. Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanack (Philadelphia: New Printing Office, 1736), Kindle.

137 one «roten appul»: G. Chaucer, «The Cook’s Tale,» in The Canterbury Tales (Ware, UK: Wordsworth Editions, 2002), 151.

137 Социальная поддержка стала: J. Holt-Lunstad, T. B. Smith, and J. B. Layton, «Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review,» PLoS Med 7 (2010): e1000316, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316; J. Lynch, The Broken Heart: The Medical Consequences of Loneliness (New York: Basic Books, 1977); and J. T. Cacioppo and W. Patrick, Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008).

138 Исследование вдов: K. S. Rook, «The Negative Side of Social Interaction: Impact on Psychological Well-Being,» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46 (1984): 1097–108.

138 Другие исследования касались пожилых людей: M. A. Okun, J. F. Melichar, and M. D. Hill, «Negative Daily Events, Positive and Negative Social Ties, and Psychological Distress Among Older Adults,» Gerontologist 30 (1990): 193–99; J. F. Finch, M. A. Okun, M. Barrera, A. J. Zautra, and J. W. Reich, «Positive and Negative Social Ties Among Older Adults: Measurement Models and the Prediction of Psychological Distress and Well-Being,» American Journal of Community Psychology 17 (1989): 585–605, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00922637; and J. T. Newsom, K. S. Rook, M. Nishishiba, D. H. Sorkin, and T. L. Mahan, «Understanding the Relative Importance of Positive and Negative Social Exchanges: Examining Specific Domains and Appraisals,» Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 60 (2005): 304–12, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3833824/.

138 безработных: A. D. Vinokur and M. van Ryn, «Social Support and Undermining in Close Relationships: Their Independent Effects on the Mental Health of Unemployed Persons,» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (1993): 350–59.