Эффект негативности. Как способность замечать плохое трансформирует нашу реальность

119 последствия для мальчиков: D. Autor, D. Figlio, K. Karbownik, J. Roth, and M. Wasserman, «Family Disadvantage and the Gender Gap in Behavioral and Educational Outcomes,» National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper No. 22267 (2017), and M. Bertrand and J. Pan, «The Trouble with Boys: Social Influences and the Gender Gap in Disruptive Behavior,» National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper No. 17541 (2011).

120 книга 2000 года: S. C. Carter, No Excuses: Lessons from 21 High-Performing, High-Poverty Schools (Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation, 2000).

120 последующей книги: A. Thernstrom and S. Thernstrom, No Excuses: Closing the Racial Gap in Learning (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003).

120 В Академии Успеха: Sources include interviews with Eva Moskowitz and Ann Powell of Success Academy as well as E. Moskowitz, The Education of Eva Moskowitz: A Memoir (New York: HarperCollins, 2017); R. Mead, «Success Academy’s Radical Educational Experiment,» New Yorker, December 11, 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/12/11/success-academys-radical-educational-experiment; K. Taylor, «At Success Academy Charter Schools, High Scores and Polarizing Tactics,» New York Times, April 6, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/07/nyregion/at-success-academy-charter-schools-polarizing-methods-and-superior-results.html; and Success Academy Charter Schools, https://www.successacademies.org/.

122 квалификационные экзамены: New York State Education Department, «Measuring Student Proficiency in Grades 3–8 English Language Arts and Mathematics,» September 26, 2018, http://www.nysed.gov/common/nysed/files/programs/information-reporting-services/2018–3-8-test-results-presentation.pdf.

123 2017 метаанализ: A. Cheng, C. Hitt, B. Kisida, and J. N. Mills, «‘No Excuses’ Charter Schools: A Meta-analysis of the Experimental Evidence on Student Achievement,» Journal of School Choice 11 (2017): 209–38. See also J. D. Angrist, P. A. Pathak, and C. R. Walters, «Explaining Charter School Effectiveness,» American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5 (2013): 1–27.

124 удерживает большее количество: J. Roy, «Staying or Going? Comparing Student Attrition Rates at Charter Schools with Nearby Traditional Public Schools,» New York City Independent Budget Office Schools Brief, January 2014, http://www.ibo.nyc.ny.us/iboreports/2014attritioncharterpublic.html?mod=article_inline; B. Fertig and J. Ye, «NYC Charters Retain Students Better Than Traditional Schools,» WNYC, March 15, 2016, https://www.wnyc.org/story/nyc-charter-school-attrition-rates/, and E. S. Moskowitz, «The Myth of Charter-School ‘Cherry Picking,’ «Wall Street Journal, February 8, 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/eva-s-moskowitz-the-myth-of-charter-school-cherry-picking-1423438046.

124 поток критики: K. Taylor, «At Success Academy School, a Stumble in Math and a Teacher’s Anger on Video,» New York Times, February 12, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/13/nyregion/success-academy-teacher-rips-up-student-paper.html?_r=0; E. Green, «Beyond the Viral Video: Inside Educators’ Emotional Debate About ‘No Excuses’ Discipline,» Chalkbeat New York, March 8, 2016, https://ny.chalkbeat.org/posts/ny/2016/03/08/beyond-the-viral-video-inside-educators-emotional-debate-about-no-excuses-discipline/; and Moskowitz, Education of Eva Moskowitz, 320–22.

124 только двадцать семь часов: P. S. Babcock and M. Marks, «The Falling Time Cost of College: Evidence from Half a Century of Time Use Data,» Review of Economics and Statistics 93 (2011): 468–78, http://faculty.ucr.edu/~mmarks/Papers/babcock2010falling.pdf.

124 оценка – А (5): S. Rojstaczer, «Grade Inflation at American Colleges and Universities,» GradeInflation.com, March 29, 2016, http://www.gradeinflation.com; S. Rojstaczer and C. Healy, «Where A Is Ordinary: The Evolution of American College and University Grading, 1940–2009,» Teachers College Record 114 (2012): 1–23; and C. Rampell, «The Rise of the ‘Gentleman’s A’ and the GPA Arms Race,» Washington Post, 19 1:03 PM March 28, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-rise-of-the-gentlemans-a-and-the-gpa-arms-race/2016/03/28/05c9e966-f522–11e5–9804-537defcc3cf6_story.html?utm_term=.73a99f546f4b.

124 исследование 2011: R. Arum and J. Roksa, Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), Kindle.

125 Последующее исследование: R. Arum and J. Roksa, Aspiring Adults Adrift: Tentative Transitions of College Graduates (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), and K. Carey, «The Economic Price of Colleges’ Failures,» New York Times, September 2, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/03/upshot/the-economic-price-of-colleges-failures.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=0&_r=0.