Эффект негативности. Как способность замечать плохое трансформирует нашу реальность

117 донорам крови: E. Y. Chou and J. K. Murnighan, «Life or Death Decisions: Framing the Call for Help,» PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e57351, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057351.

117 Десятки других исследований: M. B. Tannenbaum et al., «Appealing to Fear: A Meta-analysis of Fear Appeal Effectiveness and Theories,» Psychological Bulletin 141 (2015): 1178–204.

117 подметил доктор Джонсон: «Поверьте, сэр, когда человек знает, что его повесят через две недели, его разум хорошо сосредотачивается» Цитируется в J. Boswell, The Life of Samuel Johnson, C. Hibbert, ed. (London: Penguin English Library, 1979), 231.

117 родители и учителя: R. Ryan, A. Kilal, K. Ziol-Guest, and C. Padilla, «Socioeconomic Gaps in Parents’ Discipline Strategies from 1988 to 2011,» Pediatrics 138 (2016): e20160720, https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1067831611, and U.S. Department of Education, «Educators Gather at the White House to Rethink School Discipline,» July 22, 2015, https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/educators-gather-white-house-rethink-school-discipline.

117 движением в защиту самооценки: R. F. Baumeister, J. D. Campbell, J. I. Krueger, and K. D. Vohs, «Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles?» Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4 (2003): 1–44.

118 в руководстве для учителей: S. Zemelman, H. S. Daniels, and A. Hyde, Best Practice, 4th ed., Bringing Standards to Life in America’s Classrooms (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2012).

118 Герберт Марш проверил: H. W. Marsh et al., «Dimensional Comparison Theory: An Extension of the Internal/External Frame of Reference Effect on Academic Self-Concept Formation,» Contemporary Educational Psychology 39 (2014): 326–41, and H. W. Marsh et al., «Long-Term Positive Effects of Repeating a Year in School: Six-Year Longitudinal Study of Self-Beliefs, Anxiety, Social Relations, School Grades, and Test Scores,» Journal of Educational Psychology 109 (2017): 425–38.

118 ученики из Флориды: J. P. Greene and M. A. Winters, «Revisiting Grade Retention: An Evaluation of Florida’s Test-Based Promotion Policy,» Education Finance and Policy 2 (2007): 319–40, https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/edfp.2007.2.4.319.

118 школы не хотят: K. Spencer, «A New Kind of Classroom: No Grades, No Failing, No Hurry,» New York Times, August 11, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/11/nyregion/mastery-based-learning-no-grades.html, and D. Rado, «Parents Push Back Against School Report Cards with No Letter Grades,» Chicago Tribune, June 6, 2016, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-middle-school-grades-met-20160601-story.html.

119 Оценки старшей школы: L. Vries, «High School Grades Hit by Inflation,» CBS News, January 27, 2003, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/high-school-grades-hit-by-inflation/, and «Average High School GPAs Increased Since 1990,» U.S. News & World Report, April 19, 2011, https://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2011/04/19/average-high-school-gpas-increased-since-1990.

119 с рейтингами в классе: M. Balingit, «High Schools Are Doing Away with Class Rank. What Does That Mean for College Admissions?» Washington Post, July 13, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2015/07/13/high-schools-are-doing-away-with-class-rank-what-does-that-mean-for-college-admissions/?utm_term=.1383695e1064.

119 трудно дается обучение: N. M. Fortin, P. Oreopoulos, and S. Phipps, «Leaving Boys Behind: Gender Disparities in High Academic Achievement,» Journal of Human Resources 50 (2015): 549–79; and Pew Research Center, «Women Outpace Men in College Enrollment,» Fact Tank, March 6, 2014, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/03/06/womens-college-enrollment-gains-leave-men-behind/; J. Guo, «Poor Boys Are Falling Behind Poor Girls, and It’s Deeply Troubling,» Washington Post, November 23, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/11/23/why-girls-do-so-much-better-than-boys-in-school/?utm_term=.b6aafa26dd38.

119 развивается самоконтроль: A. L. Duckworth and M. E. P. Seligman, «Self-Discipline Gives Girls the Edge: Gender in Self-Discipline, Grades, and Achievement Test Scores,» Journal of Educational Psychology 98 (2006): 198–208, https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022–0663.98.1.198.

119 для мальчиков из семей: R. F. Baumeister and J. Tierney, Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength (New York: Penguin Press, 2011), 207–10.