Magic, ritual or ceremonial, xiii, 164-73; books of, 167-9; aims of, 169, 178-9; techniques of, 169-70; not Satanic, 169-70,178-9; demons in, 164-73 5 Aquinas on, 174-5; John XXII on, 176,192-3; Eymeric on, 177; as heresy, 177; attributed to Boniface VIII, 182-51; attributed to Guichard, 188; clerics involved in, 195; trials for, in France, 195-7; in Kyteler case, 199-204; in Simmerthal case, 204; in early Swiss trials, 226

Maleficium, maleficia, 99-100,101-2, 104,117,145-64.170,173.175, 179,192,195-6,198–200, 204-5, 226,229, 237,238. Before 1300: at court, 147-8,150-1; murderous, 147-8,154,187-8,197,198-9, 205; affecting sex-life, 150-2,196-7; affecting animals and crops, 152-3, 205; penalties and reprisals for, 148-50,154-5,158-60; Church’s attitude to, 155-60; and accusatory procedure, 160-3. After 1300: new notions of, 164,170,173,179, 204-5; attributed to Guichard, 187-8; to enemies of John XXII, 192; in Kyteler case, 198–200; in Simmerthal case, 204; in early Swiss trials, 226; in early French trials, 229; not always a feature, 237,238,252; at village level, 23951; in Canton Lucerne, 239-43; in Devonshire, 243-6; social significance of, 246-8; women as makers of, 248-9; midwives as makers of, 249; folk-medicine and, 249-50; and “white witches”, 250-1

Malleus Maleficarum, 163, 225,251

Manichecs, accusations against, 17

Map, Walter, 21, 30,160,234

Marcellus, bishop of Apamea, 68

Marcus Aurelius, 3,4,14

Margueronne de Bellevillette, fortune-teller, 189

Marigny, Enguerrand de, 186,190

Marion la Droituriere, burned in Paris, 196

Martianus Capella, encyclopaedist, 208-9

Martello, Leo, 108

Mathers, S. L. M., 170

Martin V, pope, 50

Martin, Waldensian “barbe”, 40-1

Marx, Karl, on Daumer, 14–15 n.

Merlin, 235

Messalians, sect, 18 n.

Michelet, Jules, 105-7,125

Midelfort, H. C. Erik, 254

Minucius Felix, Christian apologist, 1,2,3,5,6,9,11

Molay, Jacques de, grand master of the Temple, 82, 84,91,92,97

Molinier, Auguste, 127

Mone, Franz Joseph, 104-5,125

Montanism, 16 Muhlava’s confession, 221-2

Mummulus, mayor of palace, 148

Murray, Margaret, 107-15,117,119-20,121,123,125,223,232; influence of, 107-8,120; theory about witchcraft, 108-9; use of sources, 110-15

Naundorff, impostor, 135,138

Nicholas V, pope, 51, 52

Nicholas of Massaro, Fraticelli “bishop”, 46-7,47-8, 53

Nider, Johannes, Dominican, 204 219,220, 237

Night-witches, See Flying witches

Nogaret, Guillaume de, and Templars, 84,92; and Boniface VIII, 180-5; and Guichard, 185, 190

Notker, Labeo, translator, 208-9

Oberhauserin, the, accused of maleficia, 242

Observants, Franciscans, 49–51

Orgies, promiscuous and incestuous, accusations of, xi; against early Christians, 1–4,11; against Gnostics, 10; against Paulicians, 18; against Bogomiles, 18–19; against Orléans sect, 20; against French heretics, 21; against German Waldensians, 30; against Austrian Waldensians, 34; against Waldensians in general, 37; against Italian Waldensians, 37-8; against French Waldensians, 38-9; against Fraticelli, 47, 51-2; against witches, 102; preserved in literary tradition, 55-6; not substantiated, 54-6; accepted by some modern historians, 117-22; and Agape, 10; psychoanalytical interpretation, 262; See also Bacchanalia; Witches’ sabbat