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Fascist Pigs: Technoscientific Organisms and the History of Fascism

In the fascist regimes of Mussolini's Italy, Salazar's Portugal, and Hitler's Germany, the first mass mobilizations involved wheat engineered to take advantage of chemical fertilizers, potatoes resistant to late blight, and pigs that thrived on national produce. Food independence was an early goal of fascism; indeed, as Tiago Saraiva writes in Fascist Pigs, fascists were obsessed with projects to feed the national body from the national soil. Saraiva shows how such technoscientific organisms as specially bred wheat and pigs became important elements in the institutionalization and expansion of fascist regimes. The pigs, the potatoes, and the wheat embodied fascism. In Nazi Germany, only plants and animals conforming to the new national standards would be allowed to reproduce. Pigs that didn't efficiently convert German-grown potatoes into pork and lard were eliminated.Saraiva describes national campaigns that intertwined the work of geneticists with new state bureaucracies; discusses fascist empires, considering forced labor on coffee, rubber, and cotton in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Eastern Europe; and explores fascist genocides, following Karakul sheep from a laboratory in Germany to Eastern Europe, Libya, Ethiopia, and Angola.Saraiva's highly original account — the first systematic study of the relation between science and fascism — argues that the "back to the land" aspect of fascism should be understood as a modernist experiment involving geneticists and their organisms, mass propaganda, overgrown bureaucracy, and violent colonialism.Inside Technologyedited by Wiebe E. Bijker, W. Bernard Carlson, and Trevor J. PinchA list of the series appears at the back of the book.

Tiago Saraiva

История18+

Tiago SaraivaFASCIST PIGSTECHNOSCIENTIFIC ORGANISMS AND THE HISTORY OF FASCISM

for Vanessa, Francisco, and António

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1 Armando Bruni, “Mussolini threshing wheat at the Agro Pontino” (1935). (Fondo Armando Bruni / Rcs Archive)

Figure 1.2 The Permanent Committee of the Wheat Campaign, 1925. Nazareno Strampelli is seated immediately to the right of Mussolini. (Il Giornale di Risicoltura 15, no. 8 (1925): 116)

Figure 1.3 Nazareno Strampelli (1866–1942). (Fondo Nazareno Strampelli, Rieti State Archives)

Figure 1.4 The Royal Experiment Station of Wheat Cultivation in Rieti, 1932. (Nazareno Strampelli, “I Miei Lavori: origine e svilluppi—I grani della vittoria,” in Origini, Svillupi, Lavori e Risultati, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica per la Cerealicoltura, 1932)

Figure 1.5 Strampelli’s hybridization greenhouse, 1932. (Strampelli, “I Miei Lavori,” p. 55)

Figure 1.6 Strampelli’s Ardito wheat, 1932. (Strampelli, “I Miei Lavori”)

Figure 1.7 The building of the Association of Rieti Reproducers of Seed, 1932. (Strampelli, “I Miei Lavori, p. 156)

Figure 1.8 The exhibit presented by Strampelli’s National Institute of Genetics at the National Grain Exhibition, 1932. (Fondo Nazareno Strampelli, Rieti State Archives)

Figure 2.1 The cover of José Pequito Rebelo’s book O Método Integral, 1923–1942 (Gama, 1942).

Figure 2.2 Artur Pastor, “Threshing Wheat in Alentejo, 1940.” (Fundo Artur Pastor, Arquivo Municipal de Lisboa)

Figure 2.3 António Sousa da Câmara, 1901–1971. (Arquivo Histórico Parlamentar)

Figure 2.4 Artur Pastor, “Mechanic Sower, Alentejo, 1940s. (Fundo Artur Pastor, Arquivo Municipal de Lisboa)

Figure 2.5 Artur Pastor, “Grain Silos, Alentejo, 1940s.” (Fundo Artur Pastor, Arquivo Municipal de Lisboa)

Figure 2.6 A bas-relief by Henri Bettencourt of the Portuguese Corporatist New State, carved for Portugal’s pavilion at the Paris World Exhibition, 1937. (Fundo Mário Novais, Art Library of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation)

Figure 2.7 Artur Pastor, “Measuring Rice at the National Agricultural Experiment Station,” ca. 1950. (Fundo Artur Pastor, Arquivo Municipal de Lisboa)

Figure 2.8 The National Agricultural Experiment Station, ca. 1940. (Fundo Mário Novais, Art Library of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation)

Figure 2.9 A photograph (ca. 1947) of the office of António Ferro, the New State’s head of propaganda, combining streamlined Portuguese pre-modern traditions with modernist furniture and carpet. Note the portrait of Salazar on the cabinet. (Fundo Mário Novais, Art Library of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation)

Figure 3.1 Peasant leaders (Bauernführer) from all regions of Germany parading through the streets of Berlin. (Achim Thiele and Kurt Goeltzer, Deutsche Arbeit im Vierjahresplan, Gerhard Stalling, 1933)

Figure 3.2 A bread line during World War I. (Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-R00012 / CC-BY-SA 3.0)

Figure 3.3 The main Building of the Biologische Reichsanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft in Berlin-Dahlem, 1936. (Die Biologische Reichsanstalt für Land und Forstwirtschaft in Berlin-Dahlem, Paul Parey, 1936)

Figure 3.4 Greenhouses of the Biologische Reichsanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft in Berlin-Dahlem, 1936. (Die Biologische Reichsanstalt für Land und Forstwirtschaft in Berlin-Dahlem, Paul Parey, 1936)

Figure 3.5 Performing the sprout test at the Biologische Reichsanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, 1936. (Die Biologische Reichsanstalt für Land und Forstwirtschaft in Berlin-Dahlem, Paul Parey, 1936)

Figure 3.6 Sprouts from various potato varieties, 1931. (K. Snell, “Sorteneigenschaft und Sortenmerkmal,” Der Züchter 3, no. 4, 1931: 125–127)

Figure 3.7 A Reichsnährstand beetle wagon in the Saarland, July 1936. (Nachricthenblatt für den Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienst 16, no. 7, 1936: 53)

Figure 3.8 A 1937 elementary school chart with illustrations showing the differences between the harmful (schädlich) Colorado potato beetle from the useful (nützlich) ladybug. (Nachricthenblatt für den Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienst 17, no. 7, 1937: 53)

Figure 3.9 A 1936 organizational chart of the Biologische Reichsanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft. (Die Biologische Reichsanstalt für Land und Forstwirtschaft in Berlin-Dahlem, Paul Parey, 1936)

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