Foreign Agents: How American Lobbyists and Lawmakers Threaten Democracy Around the World

12. Quoted in Lee Drutman, The Business of America Is Lobbying: How Corporations Became Politicized and Politics Became More Corporate (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 51.

13. Joshua Keating, “Get Used to Foreign Interference in Elections,” Slate, October 7, 2020.

14. John Adams, “Inaugural Address, 4 March 1797,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-1878.

15. Dov H. Levin, Meddling in the Ballot Box: The Causes and Effects of Partisan Electoral Interventions (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020).

16. The nearest thing to a foreign interference scandal came during the American Civil War, in which both French and British officials openly toyed with recognizing the Confederacy before deciding against it. See Don H. Doyle, The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War (New York: Basic Books, 2017).

17. The Nazis didn’t use only Ivy Lee to target Americans. As Levin discovered, “In October 1940, the Nazis leaked a captured Polish government document, hoping to expose Franklin Roosevelt as a ‘criminal hypocrite’ and ‘warmonger.’ The German embassy in Washington gave a U.S. newspaper a bribe to publish the document.” The efforts, of course, went nowhere. See Dov H. Levin, “Sure, the U.S. and Russia Often Meddle in Foreign Elections. Does It Matter?,” Washington Post, September 7, 2016.

18. Author interview with Dov Levin. Years later, KGB archives revealed that Wallace’s preferred candidates for both secretary of state and treasury secretary were Soviet agents themselves. Roosevelt’s replacement of Wallace with Truman “deprived Soviet intelligence of what would have been its most spectacular success.” See Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (New York: Basic Books, 1999).

19. “Text of Wallace Letter to Stalin Calling for Peace Program,” New York Times, May 12, 1948.

20. Author interview with Dov Levin.

21. Jason Daley, “How Adlai Stevenson Stopped Russian Interference in the 1960 Election,” Smithsonian Magazine, January 4, 2017.

22. Casey Michel, “Russia’s Long and Mostly Unsuccessful History of Election Interference,” Politico Magazine, October 26, 2019.

23. David Shimer, Rigged: America, Russia, and One Hundred Years of Covert Electoral Interference (New York: Vintage Books, 2021), 87.

24. Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield.

25. Alexander Feklisov, The Man Behind the Rosenbergs (New York: Enigma Books, 2001).

26. Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield.

27. Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence: Moscow’s Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016).

28. Ibid.

29. Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield.

30. Ibid.

31. Peter Baker, “‘We Absolutely Could Not Do That’: When Seeking Foreign Help Was Out of the Question,” New York Times, October 5, 2019.

32. Manafort, Political Prisoner.

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid.

35. Ibid.

7. EXCESS IS BEST

1. T. J. Stiles, Custer’s Trials: A Life on the Frontier of a New America (New York: Knopf, 2016), 310.

2. Paul Manafort, Political Prisoner: Persecuted, Prosecuted, but Not Silenced (New York: Skyhorse, 2022).

3. Thomas B. Edsall, “Partners in Political PR Firm Typify Republican New Breed,” Washington Post, April 7, 1985.

4. Manafort, Political Prisoner.

5. Edsall, “Partners in Political PR Firm.”

6. Meghan Keneally, “The Man Who Got Top Trump Aide into GOP Politics Recalls the Budding Talent,” ABC7 Bay Area, April 26, 2016.

7. To take one example: Baker’s negotiation with Nursultan Nazarbayev, dictator of the nuclear-armed and newly independent Kazakhstan, took place in the nude, as the two sweated together in a sauna. See J. A. Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy (New York: Putnam, 1995), 538–539.

8. “James Baker and the Art of Power,” The Economist, September 24, 2020.

9. Franklin Foer, “The Quiet American,” Slate, April 28, 2016.

10. Franklin, “Paul Manafort, American Hustler,” The Atlantic, March 2018.

11. Bernard Weinraub, “After Nixon and Reagan, Young Republicans Face ’88 with Uncertainty,” New York Times, July 11, 1987.

12. Foer, “Paul Manafort, American Hustler.”

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. Edsall, “Partners in Political PR Firm.”

17. Kenneth P. Vogel, “Paul Manafort’s Wild and Lucrative Philippine Adventure,” Politico Magazine, June 10, 2016.

18. Foer, “Paul Manafort, American Hustler.”

19. Matt Labash, “Roger Stone, Political Animal,” Weekly Standard, November 5, 2007.

20. Edsall, “Partners in Political PR Firm.”