Foreign Agents: How American Lobbyists and Lawmakers Threaten Democracy Around the World

19. “Alaska Investigation,” Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives, 16th Cong., 3rd Sess. (1869), 1–5.

20. Lionel Zetter, Lobbying: The Art of Political Persuasion, 3rd ed. (Petersfield, UK: Harriman House, 2014).

21. Emily Edson Briggs, The Olivia Letters: Being Some History of Washington City for Forty Years as Told by the Letters of a Newspaper Correspondent (New York: Neale, 1906), 91. See https://www.gutenberg.org/files/58604/58604-h/58604-h.htm.

22. Zetter, Lobbying.

23. Cited in Nick Ragone, The Everything American Government Book (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), 194.

24. Adam Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1999).

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

2. WHAT IS A FACT?

1. This quote has been attributed to, among others, George Orwell, William Randolph Hearst, and Malcolm Muggeridge. There is little evidence linking the quote to any of them. See Dorian Lynskey, “The Ministry of Truth,” PowellsBooks.Blog, June 5, 2019, https://www.powells.com/post/original-essays/the-ministry-of-truth.

2. “The Ludlow Massacre,” American Experience, PBS, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/rockefellers-ludlow/, accessed 3 March 2023.

3. Ben Mauk, “The Ludlow Massacre Still Matters,” New Yorker, April 18, 2014.

4. Austin Harvey, “The Bloody Story of the Ludlow Massacre, When Striking Coal Miners and Their Families Were Killed by the National Guard,” All That’s Interesting, last updated October 14, 2022, https://allthatsinteresting.com/ludlow-massacre.

5. “The Ludlow Massacre.”

6. Seamus Finn, “Strikes, Industrial Unrest: All Put in the Shade by the Infamous Ludlow Massacre,” Irish Independent, May 7, 2009.

7. Mauk, “The Ludlow Massacre Still Matters.”

8. “The Ludlow Massacre.”

9. Ray Eldon Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd: Ivy Lee and the Development of Public Relations in America, 2nd ed. (New York: PRMuseum Press, 2017).

10. Ibid.

11. Grady’s was hardly the only racist voice Lee was exposed to at an early age. Lee’s father, James Lee, once contributed to a book called Anglo-Saxon Supremacy, or, Race Contributions to Civilization. Lee rarely commented on race in the United States, though there is little indication he veered from the white supremacist rhetoric of his childhood. For instance, he once referred to Asian immigration to the United States as “an invasion from the Orient.” Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Scott M. Cutlip, “Public Relations Was Lobbying from the Start,” letter to the editor, New York Times, January 18, 1991.

16. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.

17. “The First Press Release,” NewsMuseum (Lisbon), accessed 3 March 2023.

18. “Business School to Hear Ivy Lee,” Harvard Crimson, January 29, 1924.

19. Timothy Noah, “Mitt Romney, Crybaby Capitalist,” New Republic, July 16, 2012.

20. “Rise of the Image Men,” The Economist, December 16, 2010.

21. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.

22. “Rise of the Image Men.”

23. Ivy Lee with Burton St. John III, Mr. Lee’s Publicity Book: A Citizen’s Guide to Public Relations (New York: PRMuseum Press, 2017).

24. “Rise of the Image Men.”

25. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

28. Upton Sinclair, The Brass Check: A Study of American Journalism (Pasadena, CA: Upton Sinclair, 1920).

29. Sarah Laskow, “Railyards Were Once So Dangerous They Needed Their Own Railway Surgeons,” Atlas Obscura, July 25, 2018.

30. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.

31. Ibid.

32. Emily Atkin, “Big Oil’s First Publicist Advised Nazi Germany,” Heated, January 21, 2020.

33. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.

34. Quoted in Katherine H. Adams, Progressive Politics and the Training of America’s Persuaders (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999), 136.

35. Ken Silverstein, Turkmeniscam: How Washington Lobbyists Fought to Flack for a Stalinist Dictatorship (New York: Random House, 2008).

36. “Rise of the Image Men.”

37. “Rise of the Image Men.”

38. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.

39. Atkin, “Big Oil’s First Publicist.“

40. “‘Fake News,’ Lies and Propaganda: How to Sort Fact from Fiction,” University of Michigan Library Research Guides, last updated August 4, 2022, https://guides.lib.umich.edu/fakenews.

41. “Rise of the Image Men.”

42. Quoted in Dick Martin and Donald K. Wright, Public Relations Ethics: How to Practice PR Without Losing Your Soul (New York: Business Expert Press, 2016).

43. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.

44. Ibid.

3. MASTER OF PUBLICITY

1. Quoted in Doug J. Swanson, Cult of Glory: The Bold and Brutal History of the Texas Rangers (New York: Penguin Books, 2021).

2. Ray Eldon Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd: Ivy Lee and the Development of Public Relations in America, 2nd ed. (New York: PRMuseum Press, 2017).

3. Ivy Lee Archive, Seeley Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University, Box 4, Folder 6.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.

7. “New Yorker Sees Cuno, Stinnes, and Mussolini,” New York Times, May 27, 1923; “Foreign News: Ivy Lee a-Visiting,” Time, June 11, 1923.