Foreign Agents: How American Lobbyists and Lawmakers Threaten Democracy Around the World

8. It’s unclear if Lee was familiar with Ernest Hemingway’s later meeting with Mussolini, in which the dictator sat “frowning over” a French-English dictionary, trying to pose as an erudite scholar—without realizing the book was upside down. See Dennis Mack Smith, Mussolini (New York: Knopf, 1982).

9. Ivy Lee with Burton St. John III, Mr. Lee’s Publicity Book: A Citizen’s Guide to Public Relations (New York: PRMuseum Press, 2017).

10. Lee, Mr. Lee’s Publicity Book.

11. Ibid.

12. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.

13. Ivy Lee Archive, Box 4, Folder 2.

14. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.

15. Ivy Lee Archive, Box 4, Folder 1.

16. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.

17. Ibid.

18. “Ivy Lee Moved to Aid the Soviet,” New York Times, March 28, 1926.

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid.

21. Ivy Lee, Present-Day Russia (New York: Macmillan, 1928).

22. “Ivy Lee Moved to Aid the Soviet.”

23. “Ivy Lee Again Fails to Aid Soviet Cause,” New York Times, July 26, 1927.

24. Lee, Present-Day Russia.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid.

33. Ibid.

34. Ivy Lee Archive, Box 6, Folder 9.

35. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.

36. Frederick L. Schuman, review of Present-Day Russia, by Ivy Lee, American Journal of Sociology 35, no. 1 (July 1929): 144–145.

37. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.

38. Ibid.

39. “Fish Sees Demand for Red Trade Ban,” New York Times, October 29, 1930.

40. “Tinkham Assails Ivy Lee in House,” New York Times, February 23, 1929.

41. “Opposes Soviet Goods Ban,” New York Times, June 16, 1931.

42. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.

43. Vagit Alekperov, Oil of Russia: Past, Present and Future, trans. Paul B. Gallagher and Thomas D. Hedden (Minneapolis: East View Press, 2011).

44. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.

4. BROKEN

1. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Richard Philcox (New York: Grove Press, 2007), 48n1.

2. Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler (1976; repr., Forest Row, UK: Clairview Books, 2010).

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, “Investigation of Nazi Propaganda Activities and Investigation of Certain Other Propaganda Activities,” Hearings No. 73-DC-4, 73rd Cong., 2nd Sess. (June 5–7, 1934).

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Ray Eldon Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd: Ivy Lee and the Development of Public Relations in America, 2nd ed. (New York: PRMuseum Press, 2017).

10. Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, “Investigation of Nazi Propaganda Activities.”

11. Sutton, Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler.

12. Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, “Investigation of Nazi Propaganda Activities.”

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Ivy Lee Archive, Seeley Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University, Box 5, Folder 7.

16. Ivy Lee Archive, Box 4, Folder 37.

17. Ibid.

18. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.

19. William E. Dodd, Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, ed. William E. Dodd, Jr., and Martha Dodd (London: Victor Gollancz, 1945).

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Frank C. Hanighen, “Foreign Political Movements in the United States,” Foreign Affairs, October 1937.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid.

26. Tarun Krishnakumar, “Propaganda by Permission: Examining ‘Political Activities’ Under the Foreign Agents Registration Act,” Journal of Legislation 47, no. 2 (2021): 49.

27. Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, “Investigation of Nazi Propaganda Activities.”

28. Ibid.

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid.

31. Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, “Investigation of Nazi Propaganda Activities.”

32. Ibid.

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid.

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid.

38. Scott M. Cutlip, The Unseen Power: Public Relations: A History (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994), 145.

39. Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd.

40. Ibid.

41. “Ivy Lee, as Adviser to Nazis, Paid $25,000 by Dye Trust,” New York Times, July 12, 1934.

42. “Races: Father and Son,” Time, July 23, 1934.

43. Cutlip, The Unseen Power.

44. Ivy Lee with Burton St. John III, Mr. Lee’s Publicity Book: A Citizen’s Guide to Public Relations (New York: PRMuseum Press, 2017).

45. “Ivy Lee Home from Reich,” New York Times, August 31, 1934.

46. Ibid.

47. Ibid.

48. Ibid.

49. “Ivy Lee–Farben Link Recounted at Trial,” New York Times, October 4, 1947.

PART II: MONSTERS

1. Quoted in Anna Reid, The Shaman’s Coat: A Native History of Siberia (New York: Walker, 2002), 49.

5. SECRET HANDSHAKE

1. Frederick Merk, with Lois Bannister Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation (1963; reprint, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), 179.

2. Lionel Zetter, Lobbying: The Art of Political Persuasion, 3rd ed. (Petersfield, UK: Harriman House, 2014).

3. Robert C. Byrd, The Senate, 1789–1989, vol. 2, Addresses on the History of the United States Senate, ed. Wendy Wolff (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office), 504.