Читаем Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis полностью

Führer Bunker, Berlin 788, 791, 824, 827, 830; communications 811–12, 818; described 775–6; Greim arrives 812; H and Eva Braun commit suicide 828; H’s fifty-sixth birthday 797–8; Speer unable to break free from H 806; Weidling made responsible for Berlin’s defence 808

Führer Chancellery (Chancellery of the Führer of the NSDAP) 257–8, 259, 260

Führer cult 94, 183, 184, 185, 188, 198, 227, 229, 556, 614, 774

‘Führer Headquarters’: the first (Pomerania, then Upper Silesia) 235–6; Wolf’s Lair, near Rastenburg see Wolf’s Lair

‘Führer Machine’ 524, 710

Führer-Informationen 710

Führerbegleitkommando 830

Funk, Walther 58, 143, 219, 312, 434, 569, 571, 573, 678, 823, 837

Fürth 582

Furtwängler, Wilhelm 13, 513

Fuschl, near Salzburg 203, 595

G

Gabcik, Josef 518–19

Galen, Clemens August Graf von 427–30

Galicia 493, 629

Galland, Adolf 732

Gargzdai, Lithuania 463–4

Garmisch-Partenkirchen: Winter Olympics (February 1936) 5

Gatow aerodrome 801, 806, 809

Gau Unterfranken (Lower Franconia) 37

Gaukönigshofen 142

Gaulle, General Charles de 329, 331, 722

Gaullist movement 328

Gay, Peter 145

Gedye, G.E.R. 84–5

Gehlen, General Reinhard 756, 757

Gelsenkirchen 514, 761

General Army Office 659

General Plan for the East (Generalplan-Ost) 462, 476

General War Office (Allgemeines Heeresamt) 668

Geneva conventions 394–5

Genghis Khan xvii, 756, 772

Genoa 595

genocide xl, 493; all-out genocidal programme 461, 462; attempts to conceal the evidence 766–7; genocidal link between war and the killing of Jews 151; H’s responsibility 487; Jews dehumanized 142; Jews excluded from German society 142; in the Russian campaign (1941) 248, 249; separate strands pulled together 492; the Wannsee Conference and 493

George, Stefan 667

Gercke, Lieutenant-General Rudolf 450

German army: anti-Polish feeling 235, 237; anti-tank gun devloped 448; and armaments factory workers 300; assassination conspiracy (1944) 86, 224, 358, 359, 651–84; Brauchitsch controls 94; Brauchitsch resigns 451–2, 453; conscription reintroduced (1935) 10; crisis of confidence 103, 450; desertions 763; display of prototype tanks 632; driven out of Libya 546; eastern front stabilized 455–6; enters Czechoslovakia (1939) 171; expansion 10; forces against Timoshenko 433; fuel shortage 530, 635, 696; General Staff 98, 102, 393, 408, 418, 438, 528, 533, 534, 544, 578, 650, 687, 688, 696, 757–8, 769, 782, 787, 826; and German dominance xliv; H takes on the supreme command 452–3; the Halt Order (August 1941) 451–5, 462, 507; High Command (Oberkommando des Heeres; OKH) 287, 357, 361, 381, 407, 408, 409, 413, 414, 417, 418, 434, 435, 439, 452, 505, 514, 528, 655, 661, 662, 671, 675, 811; H’s aim 20; legacy of the Blomberg-Fritsch affair 94; losses of weapons and vehicles 515; major changes in leadership 188; moral codex of the officer corps 59; a new panzer army 448; officer corps 86; Operations Department 396; prepares for a spring offensive in Russia (1942) 447, 448, 456, 509; relations with the SS 247, 248; retreating troops (1945) 760; robbery and plundering by (1945) 763; size of xxxvi–xxxviii, 284, 515; support of H’s regime xv; told to hold position in Russia 453–4; the toll of ‘Barbarossa’ 409; transfer of divisions to the east 305–6; view of military action against Poland 159; weak leadership 225; winter crisis in Russia 439–42, 447, 450–56, 490, 499, 516

German Communist Party see Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD)

German embassy, Stockholm 287

German Labour Front see Deutsche Arbeitsfront

German navy 58, 59, 277, 278, 289, 302; H on 509, 825; High Command 367; and iron-ore imports 286; and the naval pact with Britain 190; prepares for war with Britain 94, 100; rebuilding of 38, 47, 50; in Scandinavia 287, 289; Z-Plan 159, 191, 284

German Order of the Eagle 449, 525

German-Soviet Treaty of Friendship (23 September 1939) 238

‘Germania’, intended new Nazi capital 183

Germanization 235, 244, 250–1, 318, 476

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Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis
Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis

The climax and conclusion of one of the best-selling biographies of our time.The New Yorker declared the first volume of Ian Kershaw's two-volume masterpiece "as close to definitive as anything we are likely to see," and that promise is fulfilled in this stunning second volume. As Nemesis opens, Adolf Hitler has achieved absolute power within Germany and triumphed in his first challenge to the European powers. Idolized by large segments of the population and firmly supported by the Nazi regime, Hitler is poised to subjugate Europe. Nine years later, his vaunted war machine destroyed, Allied forces sweeping across Germany, Hitler will end his life with a pistol shot to his head.* * *Following the enormous success of HITLER: HUBRIS this book triumphantly completes one of the great modern biographies. No figure in twentieth century history more clearly demands a close biographical understanding than Adolf Hitler; and no period is more important than the Second World War. Beginning with Hitler's startling European successes in the aftermath of the Rhinelland occupation and ending nine years later with the suicide in the Berlin bunker, Kershaw allows us as never before to understand the motivation and the impact of this bizarre misfit. He addresses the crucial questions about the unique nature of Nazi radicalism, about the Holocaust and about the poisoned European world that allowed Hitler to operate so effectively.Amazon.com ReviewGeorge VI thought him a "damnable villain," and Neville Chamberlain found him not quite a gentleman; but, to the rest of the world, Adolf Hitler has come to personify modern evil to such an extent that his biographers always have faced an unenviable task. The two more renowned biographies of Hitler—by Joachim C. Fest (Hitler) and by Alan Bullock (Hitler: A Study in Tyranny)—painted a picture of individual tyranny which, in the words of A. J. P. Taylor, left Hitler guilty and every other German innocent. Decades of scholarship on German society under the Nazis have made that verdict look dubious; so, the modern biographer of Hitler must account both for his terrible mindset and his charismatic appeal. In the second and final volume of his mammoth biography of Hitler—which covers the climax of Nazi power, the reclamation of German-speaking Europe, and the horrific unfolding of the final solution in Poland and Russia—Ian Kershaw manages to achieve both of these tasks. Continuing where Hitler: Hubris 1889–1936 left off, the epic Hitler: Nemesis 1937–1945 takes the reader from the adulation and hysteria of Hitler's electoral victory in 1936 to the obsessive and remote "bunker" mentality that enveloped the Führer as Operation Barbarossa (the attack on Russia in 1942) proved the beginning of the end. Chilling, yet objective. A definitive work.—Miles TaylorFrom BooklistAt the conclusion of Kershaw's Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris (1999), the Rhineland had been remilitarized, domestic opposition crushed, and Jews virtually outlawed. What the genuinely popular leader of Germany would do with his unchallenged power, the world knows and recoils from. The historian's duty, superbly discharged by Kershaw, is to analyze how and why Hitler was able to ignite a world war, commit the most heinous crime in history, and throw his country into the abyss of total destruction. He didn't do it alone. Although Hitler's twin goals of expelling Jews and acquiring "living space" for other Germans were hardly secret, "achieving" them did not proceed according to a blueprint, as near as Kershaw can ascertain. However long Hitler had cherished launching an all-out war against the Jews and against Soviet Russia, as he did in 1941, it was only conceivable as reality following a tortuous series of events of increasing radicality, in both foreign and domestic politics. At each point, whether haranguing a mass audience or a small meeting of military officers, the demagogue had to and did persuade his listeners that his course of action was the only one possible. Acquiescence to aggression and genocide was further abetted by the narcotic effect of the "Hitler myth," the propagandized image of the infallible leader as national savior, which produced a force for radicalization parallel to Hitler's personal murderous fanaticism; the motto of the time called it "working towards the Fuhrer." Underlings in competition with each other would do what they thought Hitler wanted, as occurred with aspects of organizing the Final Solution. Kershaw's narrative connecting this analysis gives outstanding evidence that he commands and understands the source material, producing this magisterial scholarship that will endure for decades.—Gilbert Taylor

Ian Kershaw

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