Читаем Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis полностью

Hitler, Adolf: absolute power xxxvi; addresses the German people after the assassination attempt (1944) 684, 701; aims to destroy Czechoslovakia 87–8, 92, 93, 100, 116, 136, 158, 163–4; Anschluß a watershed for H 83, 92, 94; appointed Chancellor (1933) xv, 23, 162; approach to Poland changes markedly 166–7; assassination attempt (1939) 263–4, 271–5, 278; assassination plans and attempt (1944) 86, 224, 358, 359, 651–84, 687–705, 706, 753; and the atomic bomb 731–2; authorizes deportation of Jews to the east 479, 481, 488, 494; awareness of the slaughter of Jews 520–23; Baldwin on 4; ‘Basic Order’ (January 1940) 290–91, 522; becomes a remote figure 501, 564, 565–6, 570, 571, 614; and the Blomberg scandal 52, 53–4; Brenner Pass talks 291–2; and the ‘Church struggle’ 39–41; cremation of his body 829–31; criticized for the first time (over Stalingrad) 551–2; crusade against Bolshevism 335, 384, 406, 505; daily routine 32–3, 105–6, 198–9, 396, 777; ‘Decree for the Implementation of the Four-Year Plan’ 23; ‘Destructive Measures on Reich Territory’ decree 785–6; disaffection with 95, 556–7; dismay at Britain’s ultimatum 223, 230; disposes of his possessions 821; draconian economic measures against Jews 143–4; effect of ‘Crystal Night’ on 150; the essence of his political ‘career’ 783; the euthanasia authorization 253; experiences in the First World War 403; favours a Polish rump state 238; fiftieth birthday (20 April 1939) 183–4, 187, 228, 806; fifty-fifth birthday 632; fifty-sixth birthday 794, 797, 799, 800; final meeting with his Gauleiter 779–80; final proclamation to the soldiers of the eastern front (15 April 1945) 749, 792–3; foreign policy compared to that of Göring 67–8; the French armistice 298–9; the Fritsch affair 54–6; Führer cult 94, 183, 184, 185, 198; Haider involved in a conspiracy 123, 179; health 36, 92, 411–12, 456, 473, 513, 541, 553, 556, 565, 577, 587, 611–12, 623, 631, 694, 726–8, 732, 741, 779–80; and the Heé affair 371–2, 373, 375, 376–7, 379, 380, 381, 382–3, 436; and Himmler’s offer to surrender 816–17; horoscope 791; ideological aims of the war against Russia 356; imperialist aims 517; interned in Landsberg (1924) 31; and Katyn 583; last ‘election’ campaign 82–3; last offensive 745; last triumph 693; major speech on foreign policy (20 February 1938) 71, 72, 73; marries Eva Braun 820–21; meeting with Franco at Hendaye 329–30; meeting with Mussolini at Feltre 593; memorandum on the future of the economy 19–23, 25, 144; mode of addressing (‘Mein Führer’) 30; the Munich Agreement 122–3; mutual distrust of Stalin 331; ‘offer’ to Britain regarding Poland 213, 216, 217, 265–6, 267; Operation Sealion 302–3, 310; opposition to 262–3, 268–9, 552, 556; the order to attack Poland (on 1 September 1939) 220–1; ‘peace offer’ to Britain 300, 301, 306, 379; personal security 660; his personal staff 30–2; Political and Private Testaments 821–3, 825, 832; popularity 275, 278, 311, 367, 375, 421, 655; popularity wanes 541, 700, 702–3; ‘prophecy’(i939) 459, 473–4, 478, 479, 482, 487, 488, 491, 494, 495, 516, 522, 536, 540, 589, 637; the quintessential hate-figure of the twentieth century xvii; reaction to Mussolini’s replacement 594–5; reactions to H’s survival 699–702; rescinds Polish invasion order (August 1939) 214–15, 229–30; restores Germany’s position as a major power 28–9; role in the road to the ‘Final Solution’ 495; sees himself as ‘irreplaceable’ 276; ‘sixteen-point proposal’ 219–20, 221; and the Spanish Civil War 4, 13, 14; Special Train 291, 292, 294, 307, 328, 329; style of rule 569; suicide (30 April 1945) 828, 829, 832; support for xxxix–xl; takes over the Wehrmacht 56–8; takes on the supreme command of the army 452–3; talks with Mussolini (January 1941) 346–7; talks with Mussolini (April 1943) 581; talks with Mussolini (22 April 1944) 633; talks with Mussolini (May 1938) 133; treatment of Eva Braun 34; triumph in Vienna 79–81; ultimatum demanding the Party leadership (1921) 283; views devastation in Warsaw 236; war directive (18 December 1940) 335; war as the essence of human activity 403; ‘world-view’ xli, 21, 150, 233, 588; at the zenith of his power (1940–41) 286; antisemitism 285, 360; aims to destroy the Jews xli, 42, 130, 150, 152–3, 253, 323, 350, 459, 582–3, 588; attacks Jewish lack of ability and creativity 489; keen to hide his involvement in the genocide 487; and the Olympic Games 5; ‘removal’ of the Jews xliv, xlv, 1, 41, 279, 336, 349, 383; personality: charm 29, 72; courage xxxix; egomania 613; exploitation of others 30–1, 34; hubris xvi, xviii; hypochondria 411, 612, 727–8, 777; megalomania 34, 36, 187–8, 368, 400; preoccupation with his own mortality 36–7, 84, 92, 228; profound contempt for human existence 500–501; rages 5–6, 7, 39, 43, 116, 178, 202, 229, 270, 530, 531, 532, 539, 564, 573, 590, 612, 627, 675, 732, 757–8, 759, 769, 818; restlessness xlvi, 27; secretiveness 30, 487, 522, 523; self-confidence xlvi, 15, 356, 456, 504, 530, 533, 578, 624; self-glorification xv; sense of political mission xv, 63, 70, 92, 253, 314, 323; a skilled dissembler 29–30; Valhalla mentality 577; vegetarianism 509; public speaker: antisemitism 5, 39; criticism of the ‘Heroes’ Memorial Day’ speech (1943) 555; Finnish recording (1942) 525; performing skills xli, 117, 189, 432; speech to the last ever session of the Reichstag 510–12; speeches loses their impact 540; use of his hands 303; on working with other nations 27; works: Mein Kampf 19, 21, 39, 45, 63, 65–6, 151, 206, 237, 255, 375, 752, 821; Second Book 19, 21, 237

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Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis
Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis

The climax and conclusion of one of the best-selling biographies of our time.The New Yorker declared the first volume of Ian Kershaw's two-volume masterpiece "as close to definitive as anything we are likely to see," and that promise is fulfilled in this stunning second volume. As Nemesis opens, Adolf Hitler has achieved absolute power within Germany and triumphed in his first challenge to the European powers. Idolized by large segments of the population and firmly supported by the Nazi regime, Hitler is poised to subjugate Europe. Nine years later, his vaunted war machine destroyed, Allied forces sweeping across Germany, Hitler will end his life with a pistol shot to his head.* * *Following the enormous success of HITLER: HUBRIS this book triumphantly completes one of the great modern biographies. No figure in twentieth century history more clearly demands a close biographical understanding than Adolf Hitler; and no period is more important than the Second World War. Beginning with Hitler's startling European successes in the aftermath of the Rhinelland occupation and ending nine years later with the suicide in the Berlin bunker, Kershaw allows us as never before to understand the motivation and the impact of this bizarre misfit. He addresses the crucial questions about the unique nature of Nazi radicalism, about the Holocaust and about the poisoned European world that allowed Hitler to operate so effectively.Amazon.com ReviewGeorge VI thought him a "damnable villain," and Neville Chamberlain found him not quite a gentleman; but, to the rest of the world, Adolf Hitler has come to personify modern evil to such an extent that his biographers always have faced an unenviable task. The two more renowned biographies of Hitler—by Joachim C. Fest (Hitler) and by Alan Bullock (Hitler: A Study in Tyranny)—painted a picture of individual tyranny which, in the words of A. J. P. Taylor, left Hitler guilty and every other German innocent. Decades of scholarship on German society under the Nazis have made that verdict look dubious; so, the modern biographer of Hitler must account both for his terrible mindset and his charismatic appeal. In the second and final volume of his mammoth biography of Hitler—which covers the climax of Nazi power, the reclamation of German-speaking Europe, and the horrific unfolding of the final solution in Poland and Russia—Ian Kershaw manages to achieve both of these tasks. Continuing where Hitler: Hubris 1889–1936 left off, the epic Hitler: Nemesis 1937–1945 takes the reader from the adulation and hysteria of Hitler's electoral victory in 1936 to the obsessive and remote "bunker" mentality that enveloped the Führer as Operation Barbarossa (the attack on Russia in 1942) proved the beginning of the end. Chilling, yet objective. A definitive work.—Miles TaylorFrom BooklistAt the conclusion of Kershaw's Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris (1999), the Rhineland had been remilitarized, domestic opposition crushed, and Jews virtually outlawed. What the genuinely popular leader of Germany would do with his unchallenged power, the world knows and recoils from. The historian's duty, superbly discharged by Kershaw, is to analyze how and why Hitler was able to ignite a world war, commit the most heinous crime in history, and throw his country into the abyss of total destruction. He didn't do it alone. Although Hitler's twin goals of expelling Jews and acquiring "living space" for other Germans were hardly secret, "achieving" them did not proceed according to a blueprint, as near as Kershaw can ascertain. However long Hitler had cherished launching an all-out war against the Jews and against Soviet Russia, as he did in 1941, it was only conceivable as reality following a tortuous series of events of increasing radicality, in both foreign and domestic politics. At each point, whether haranguing a mass audience or a small meeting of military officers, the demagogue had to and did persuade his listeners that his course of action was the only one possible. Acquiescence to aggression and genocide was further abetted by the narcotic effect of the "Hitler myth," the propagandized image of the infallible leader as national savior, which produced a force for radicalization parallel to Hitler's personal murderous fanaticism; the motto of the time called it "working towards the Fuhrer." Underlings in competition with each other would do what they thought Hitler wanted, as occurred with aspects of organizing the Final Solution. Kershaw's narrative connecting this analysis gives outstanding evidence that he commands and understands the source material, producing this magisterial scholarship that will endure for decades.—Gilbert Taylor

Ian Kershaw

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