Читаем Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis полностью

Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis

Jews: allegations against xliii, 150, 582; anti-Jewish ‘Blood Law’ 256; and the arts xlii; and Bolshevism 17, 19, 39, 42, 127, 153, 325, 339, 343, 350, 353, 354, 359, 382, 388–9, 399, 431, 461, 463, 465, 466, 620, 740, 749, 752, 781, 792; Central Office for Jewish Emigration 147–8; citizens’ behaviour in the pogrom 142–3; decision to deport Jews to the east 479–80; deportation from western Europe begins (July 1942) 493; deported to Vichy France 323–4; draconian economic measures 143–4, 148; and Edward VIII 24; enforced takeover of Jewish firms 42–3; extermination camps 147, 484; ghettos 144, 244, 249, 319–20, 464, 479, 485, 520, 583, 588, 736, 837; H aims to destroy xli, 42, 130, 150, 152–3, 253, 323, 350, 459, 482–3, 588; H attacks lack of ability and creativity 489; H’s ‘prophecy’ of 30 January 459, 473–4, 478, 479; identification mark 144, 472, 473, 474–5; Jewry and Christianity 488; ‘Madagascar solution’ 134–5, 320, 324, 349, 350, 351, 383, 470, 521; massacres by the Einsatzgruppen 463–4, 467–9; massacres by Wehrmacht soldiers 246–7; Mischlinge 148; mounting discrimination against xxxix, xl; November pogrom (1938) 136–47, 148, 249; the Number One racial and social enemy 234; refugees 145–6; Reichkristallnacht (9–10 November 1938) 130–1, 135, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 150, 184, 472; ‘removal’ of xliii, xliv, xlv, 1, 41, 127, 134–5, 136, 151–2, 279, 317–19, 336, 349–54, 383, 462–3, 470–74, 476–82, 493; shooting of vom Rath 136, 137; ‘territorial solution’ 462–3, 472; treatment in Austria 84–6; Ukrainian 668; see also antisemitism; ‘Final Solution’; Hitler, Adolf: antisemitism and under individual countries

Jodl, General Alfred 51, 64, 69, 94, 96, 97, 100, 101, 159, 289, 291, 302, 307, 325, 335, 353, 354, 366–7, 396, 410, 411, 414, 417, 450, 513, 532, 533, 537, 580, 591, 593, 597, 616, 639, 642, 649, 718, 719, 732, 737, 740, 741, 771, 774, 779, 803, 805, 811, 814, 816, 820, 834–5, 837

Johannmeier, Major Willi 825

Johnson, Cornelius 7

Jud Süß (antisemitic film) 423

Junge, Traudl 801, 804, 821, 823, 824, 827, 828, 833

Juno Beach 640

Jüterbog 104

Jutland 288

K

Kaether, Colonel Ernest 808

Kalac 530

Kalisz 758

Kaltenbrunner, Ernst 628, 689, 698, 758, 770, 776, 798, 800, 837

Kaminski Brigade 725

Kannenberg, Arthur 31

Karinhall (Göring’s country house) 571

Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary), Congress of the Sudeten German Party (April 1938) 96, 108, 109

Karlshorst 836

Karnau, Hermann 830

Kassel 137

Kattowitz 318, 767

Katyn Forest, Poland 583

Kaufmann, Gauleiter Karl 598

Kaulbach, Wilhelm von: Entry of the Sun Goddess 32

Kaunas (Kowno), Lithuania 463

Kazakhstan 477

KDP see Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands

Keitel, Field-Marshall Wilhelm 52–3, 57, 70, 72, 75, 76, 78, 81, 94, 97, 99, 101, 159, 170, 214, 215, 219, 231, 245, 246, 269, 294, 298, 299, 312, 345, 350, 356, 357, 396, 405, 414, 465, 525, 532, 533, 566, 578, 618, 619, 642, 644, 650, 671, 672, 674, 676, 677, 678, 687, 688, 723, 733, 774, 779, 787, 788, 798, 799, 803, 805, 814, 816, 820, 825, 834–5, 836, 837; in the Committee of Three 568, 569, 570

Kempka, Erich 32, 660, 827, 829–30

Keppler, Wilhelm 45–6, 66, 72, 77, 78, 81

Kerch peninsula 455, 514, 515, 518

Kerrl, Hanns 11, 40, 256

Kesselring, Field-Marshal Albert 452, 533, 580, 581, 593, 597, 599, 617, 760, 788, 792, 834

Ketzin 809

Kharkhov 409, 410, 416, 515, 518, 524, 578, 581

Kiel 504

Kielce, Poland 769

Kießel, SS-Obersturmbannführer Georg 690, 691

Kiev 400, 410, 413, 414–15, 434, 468; ‘Battle of Kiev’ 403, 417, 419; recaptured 603

Killy, Leo 568

Kirkpatrick, Ivone 116, 371, 377, 378

Kleist, Lieutenant Ewald Heinrich von 670

Kleist, General Ewald von 439, 441, 630, 670

Klemperer, Victor 8–9, 474, 766

Kiessheim Castle, near Salzburg 513, 514, 581, 582, 626, 633, 640, 670

Kluge, Field-Marshal Günther von 450, 451, 452, 454, 455, 456, 531, 559, 579, 592, 596, 597, 600, 649, 661, 667, 670, 678, 696, 717, 719, 720–22

Knappertsbusch, Hans 512, 513, 632

Koblenz 760

Koch, Gauleiter Erich 261, 406, 715, 779, 837–8

Koch, Robert 470

Koeppen, Werner 433, 478

Kolberg 782, 788

Kolberg (film) 713, 782

Koller, General Karl 635, 739, 799, 801, 804, 807, 812

Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) xxxvi, xxxvii, 211, 272

Konev, Marshal Ivan 756, 793, 802, 809

Königgrätz 433

Königsberg, East Prussia 82, 210, 684, 738, 759, 762, 788, 791

Königsbronn, Württemberg 271, 272

Königswusterhausen 802

Konoye, Prince 443

Konstanz 273, 274

Koppe, Wilhelm 252, 261, 316, 319, 484, 838

Kordt, Erich 262, 269

Kordt, Theo 262

Korherr, Dr Richard 521, 583

Körner, Theodor 561

Korps Holste 826

Korten, General Günther 650, 674

Kowno, Lithuania 176, 398, 464, 485

Krampnitz 805

Krauch, Karl 11

Krause, Karl 31, 32

Krebs, General Hans 788, 798, 802, 803, 806, 811–14, 816, 823, 825, 827, 830–33

Kreipe, General Werner 739

Kreisau Circle 665, 666, 668, 690

Kreyssig, Lothar 253–4

Kritzinger, Friedrich Wilhelm 568

Kroll Opera House 168, 303

Kronstadt 408

Krüger, Else 833

Krüger, Wilhelm 316

Krupp 132, 231, 242

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Hitler. 1936-1945: Nemesis

The climax and conclusion of one of the best-selling biographies of our time.The New Yorker declared the first volume of Ian Kershaw's two-volume masterpiece "as close to definitive as anything we are likely to see," and that promise is fulfilled in this stunning second volume. As Nemesis opens, Adolf Hitler has achieved absolute power within Germany and triumphed in his first challenge to the European powers. Idolized by large segments of the population and firmly supported by the Nazi regime, Hitler is poised to subjugate Europe. Nine years later, his vaunted war machine destroyed, Allied forces sweeping across Germany, Hitler will end his life with a pistol shot to his head.* * *Following the enormous success of HITLER: HUBRIS this book triumphantly completes one of the great modern biographies. No figure in twentieth century history more clearly demands a close biographical understanding than Adolf Hitler; and no period is more important than the Second World War. Beginning with Hitler's startling European successes in the aftermath of the Rhinelland occupation and ending nine years later with the suicide in the Berlin bunker, Kershaw allows us as never before to understand the motivation and the impact of this bizarre misfit. He addresses the crucial questions about the unique nature of Nazi radicalism, about the Holocaust and about the poisoned European world that allowed Hitler to operate so effectively.Amazon.com ReviewGeorge VI thought him a "damnable villain," and Neville Chamberlain found him not quite a gentleman; but, to the rest of the world, Adolf Hitler has come to personify modern evil to such an extent that his biographers always have faced an unenviable task. The two more renowned biographies of Hitler—by Joachim C. Fest (Hitler) and by Alan Bullock (Hitler: A Study in Tyranny)—painted a picture of individual tyranny which, in the words of A. J. P. Taylor, left Hitler guilty and every other German innocent. Decades of scholarship on German society under the Nazis have made that verdict look dubious; so, the modern biographer of Hitler must account both for his terrible mindset and his charismatic appeal. In the second and final volume of his mammoth biography of Hitler—which covers the climax of Nazi power, the reclamation of German-speaking Europe, and the horrific unfolding of the final solution in Poland and Russia—Ian Kershaw manages to achieve both of these tasks. Continuing where Hitler: Hubris 1889–1936 left off, the epic Hitler: Nemesis 1937–1945 takes the reader from the adulation and hysteria of Hitler's electoral victory in 1936 to the obsessive and remote "bunker" mentality that enveloped the Führer as Operation Barbarossa (the attack on Russia in 1942) proved the beginning of the end. Chilling, yet objective. A definitive work.—Miles TaylorFrom BooklistAt the conclusion of Kershaw's Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris (1999), the Rhineland had been remilitarized, domestic opposition crushed, and Jews virtually outlawed. What the genuinely popular leader of Germany would do with his unchallenged power, the world knows and recoils from. The historian's duty, superbly discharged by Kershaw, is to analyze how and why Hitler was able to ignite a world war, commit the most heinous crime in history, and throw his country into the abyss of total destruction. He didn't do it alone. Although Hitler's twin goals of expelling Jews and acquiring "living space" for other Germans were hardly secret, "achieving" them did not proceed according to a blueprint, as near as Kershaw can ascertain. However long Hitler had cherished launching an all-out war against the Jews and against Soviet Russia, as he did in 1941, it was only conceivable as reality following a tortuous series of events of increasing radicality, in both foreign and domestic politics. At each point, whether haranguing a mass audience or a small meeting of military officers, the demagogue had to and did persuade his listeners that his course of action was the only one possible. Acquiescence to aggression and genocide was further abetted by the narcotic effect of the "Hitler myth," the propagandized image of the infallible leader as national savior, which produced a force for radicalization parallel to Hitler's personal murderous fanaticism; the motto of the time called it "working towards the Fuhrer." Underlings in competition with each other would do what they thought Hitler wanted, as occurred with aspects of organizing the Final Solution. Kershaw's narrative connecting this analysis gives outstanding evidence that he commands and understands the source material, producing this magisterial scholarship that will endure for decades.—Gilbert Taylor

Ian Kershaw

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