Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud

29. Edward P. Mahoney, ‘Lovejoy and the hierarchy of being’, Journal of the History of Ideas, volume 48, 1987, page 211.

30. Lovejoy, Op. cit., page 55.

31. Ibid., page 89.

32. Ibid., page 91.

33. Ibid., page 201.

34. Ibid., page 211.

35. Ibid., page 232.

36. Ibid., page 241.

37. Paul Robinson, ‘Symbols at an exhibition’, New York Times, 12 November 1998, page 12.

38. Gladys Gordon-Bournique, ‘A. O. Lovejoy and the history of ideas’, Journal of the History of Ideas, volume 48, 1987, page 209.

39. This was similar to an idea of Hegel’s which he called ‘philosophemes’. See: Donald A. Kelley, ‘What is happening to the history of ideas?’, Journal of the History of Ideas, volume 51, 1990, page 4.

40. Philip P. Wiener (editor), Dictionary of the History of Ideas, four volumes, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973.

41. Kelley, Op. cit., pages 3–26.

42. James Thrower, The Alternative Tradition, The Hague: Mouton, 1980.

PROLOGUE: THE DISCOVERY OF TIME

1. Jacquetta Hawkes (editor), The World of the Past, London: Thames & Hudson, 1963, page 29.

2. Ibid., page 33.

3. James Sackett, ‘Human antiquity and the Old Stone Age: the 19^th-century background to palaeoanthropology’, Evolutionary Anthropology, volume 9, issue 1, 2000, pages 37–49.

4. Hawkes, Op. cit., pages 30–34 and 147–148.

5. Ibid., page 27.

6. Glyn Daniel, One Hundred and Fifty Years of Archaeology (second edition), London: Duckworth, 1975, pages 25–26.

7. Bruce G. Trigger, A History of Archaeological Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, page 53.

8. Ian Tattersall, The Fossil Trail, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995/1996, page 8; and Hawkes, Op. cit., pages 25–26.

9. Hawkes, Op. cit., pages 28–29.

10. Sackett, Op. cit., page 46.

11. Peter J. Bowler, Evolution: The History of an Idea (revised edition), Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1989, pages 32–33.

12. Trigger, Op. cit., pages 92–93.

13. James A. Secord, Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of ‘Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation’, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2000, page 146.

14. Ibid., page 105.

15. Peter Burke, ‘Images as evidence in seventeenth-century Europe,’ Journal of the History of Ideas, volume 64, 2003, pages 273–296.

16. Burke, Op. cit., pages 283–284.

17. Trigger, Op. cit., page 74.

18. Ibid., page 76.

19. Sackett, Op. cit., page 48.

20. Ibid.

CHAPTER 1: IDEAS BEFORE LANGUAGE

1. George Schaller, The Last Panda, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993, page 8.

2. Robert J. Wenke, Patterns in Prehistory, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990, pages 119–120.

3. But see Stephen Oppenheimer, Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World, London: Constable, 2003, page 10.

4. Journal of Human Evolution, volume 43, 2002, page 831, reported in New Scientist, 4 January 2003, page 16. Of course, action by wooden implements, if they existed, wouldn’t show up as remains.

5. Paul Mellars and Chris Stringer, The Human Revolution, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1989, page 70 and chapter six, ‘Multi-regional evolution: the fossil alternative Eden’, by Milford H. Wolpoff. Chimpanzees are now thought not to be as closely related to man as once believed – see New Scientist, 28 September 2002, page 20. The most recent, but still disputed evidence puts the chimpanzee–human divergence back to 4–10 million years ago – see Bernard Wood, ‘Who are we?’, New Scientist, 26 October 2002, pages 44–47.