Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud

67. He also found Christians on the Malabar coast, whose liturgy was in Syriac. Moynahan, Op. cit., page 553.

68. Parry, Op. cit., page 149.

69. Bodmer, Op. cit., page 10.

70. Parry, Op. cit., page 151.

71. Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Columbus and the Conquest of the Impossible, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974, pages 166–167.

72. Parry, Op. cit., page 154 and ref. See also: Peter Martyr, De Orbo Novo, edited and translated by F. A. McNutt, New York 1912, volume 1, page 83, quoted in Parry, Ibid.

73. Ibid., page 159.

CHAPTER 21: THE ‘INDIAN’ MIND: IDEAS IN THE NEW WORLD

1. Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel, London: Cape, 1997.

2. Ibid., page 140.

3. J. H. Elliott, The Old World and the New, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press/Canto, 1970/1992, page 7.

4. Ibid., page 8.

5. Ibid.

6. Bodmer, Op. cit., page 33.

7. Elliott, Op. cit., page 9.

8. Ibid., pages 9–10.

9. Bodmer, Op. cit., pages 65–66 and 88. For Gómara, see: Michael D. Coe, Breaking the Maya Code, London and New York: Thames & Hudson, 1992, page 78.

10. Elliott, Op. cit., page 10.

11. Ibid., page 11.

12. Ibid., page 12. But see: Jack P. Greene, The Intellectual Construction of America, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993, page 15, for the expectations of Americans.

13. Bodmer, Op. cit., page 12.

14. Elliott, Op. cit., page 15.

15. There was a rougher side to the first explorers too. See Leithäuser, Op. cit., pages 38ff, for the tricks Columbus used to keep his men pacific.

16. Ibid., page 24.

17. Bodmer, Op. cit., page 32.

18. Elliott, Op. cit., page 25.

19. Ibid. See also: Moynahan, Op. cit., page 510.

20. Elliott, Op. cit., page 29.

21. On a different aspect of comparative science, despite the many wild animals in the New World, it was the bloodhounds of the Spanish which most terrified the Indians. These animals were sometimes instructed to tear the Indians to pieces. Leithäuser, Op. cit., pages 160–161.

22. Bodmer, Op. cit., pages 212–213.

23. Elliott, Op. cit., page 34.

24. Ibid., page 36.

25. Ibid., page 37.

26. Leithäuser, Op. cit., pages 165–166 for Indian drawings of these activities.

27. Bodmer, Op. cit., pages 60–61.

28. Elliott, Op. cit., page 38.

29. Ibid., page 39.

30. Acosta had a theory that minerals ‘grew’ in the New World, like plants. Bodmer, Op. cit., pages 144–145.

31. Elliott, Op. cit., page 39.

32. Ibid., pages 39–40.

33. Evgenii G. Kushnarev (edited and translated by E. A. P. Crownhart-Vaughan), Bering’s Search for the Strait, Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press, 1990 (first published in Leningrad [now St Petersburg], 1968). For Cartier and Nicolet see Phillips, The Medieval Expansion of Europe, Op. cit., page 259.

34. Elliott, Op. cit., page 40.

35. Bodmer, Op. cit., pages 209ff, for a discussion of the meaning of ‘barbarity’ in this context. See also: ‘Savages noble and ignoble: concepts of the North American Indian’, chapter 7 (pages 187ff) of: P. J. Marshall and Glyndwr Williams, The Great Map of Mankind: Perceptions of the World in the Age of Enlightenment, London: Dent, 1982.

36. Leithäuser, Op. cit., for a vivid description of Tenochtitlán, in Mexico, and its sophisticated engineering and art works.

37. Elliott, Op. cit., pages 42–43.

38. Bodmer, Op. cit., page 67.

39. Elliott, Op. cit., page 43.

40. Anthony Pagden, The Fall of Natural Man, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1982, page 39.

41. Ibid., page 49. See Moynahan, Op. cit., page 508, for the legalistic thinking behind this.

42. This view envisaged the Indian as one day becoming a free man but until that time arrived he must remain ‘in just tutelage under the king of Spain’. Pagden, Op. cit., page 104.

43. Wright, Op. cit., page 23. Also: Bodmer, Op. cit., pages 143–144. And Moynahan, Op. cit., page 510.

44. Pagden, Op. cit., page 45.

45. Ibid., page 46.

46. Moynahan, Op. cit., page 510. Bodmer, Op. cit., page 144.

47. Pagden, Op. cit., page 119.

48. Leithäuser, Op. cit., pages 197ff, for the development of detailed maps of America.

49. Elliott, Op. cit., page 49.

50. Pagden, Op. cit., page 164.

51. Ibid., page 174.