Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud

4. Manchester, Op. cit., pages 134–135.

5. Moynahan, The Faith, Op. cit., pages 346–347, for the rest of Tetzel’s ‘patter.’

6. Diarmaid MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe’s House Divided 1490–1700, London: Allen Lane/Penguin Books, 2003, page 14.

7. Ibid., page 17.

8. Ibid., page 51.

9. Ibid., page 73.

10. Ibid., 88.

11. Ibid., page 113.

12. Bronowski and Mazlish, The Western Intellectual Tradition, Op. cit., page 80. Moynahan, Op. cit., page 347.

13. Bronowski and Mazlish, Op. cit., page 81.

14. Boorstin, The Seekers, Op. cit., page 116, casts doubt on whether the theses were actually nailed to the doors.

15. Bronowski and Mazlish, Op. cit., page 84.

16. MacCulloch, Op. cit., page 123.

17. Bronowski and Mazlish, Op. cit., page 76.

18. Moynahan, Op. cit., pages 350–351, for Luther’s battles with the church.

19. Manchester, Op. cit., page 167.

20. MacCulloch, Op. cit., page 134.

21. Bronowski and Mazlish, Op. cit., page 85.

22. Ibid.

23. W. D. J. Cargill Thompson, Luther’s Political Thought, Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester, 1984, page 28.

24. Ibid., page 160.

25. Bronowski and Mazlish, Op. cit., page 88.

26. See the discussion on Innerlichkeit in Chapter 33 and in the Conclusion.

27. Moynahan, Op. cit., pages 352–353, for the ferocity – and popularity – of Luther’s writings. Boorstin, Op. cit., page 115, says these writings, and Luther’s translations of the Bible, established German as a literary language.

28. Boorstin, Op. cit., page 119.

29. Bronowski and Mazlish, Op. cit., page 92. Moynahan, Op. cit., pages 384–385.

30. Bronowski and Mazlish, Op. cit., page 93.

31. Moynahan, Op. cit., page 386.

32. Boorstin, Op. cit., page 120.

33. Bronowski and Mazlish, Op. cit., page 94. Moynahan, Op. cit., pages 386–387, for the operation of the Consistory.

34. Boorstin, Op. cit., page 121.

35. See Harro Höpfl (editor and translator), Luther and Calvin on Secular Authority, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

36. Bronowski and Mazlish, Op. cit., pages 96–97.

37. It was the artisans who flocked to Geneva at this time who created the watchmaking business for which Switzerland is still known. Moynahan, Op. cit., page 396.

38. In Geneva no deviation was tolerated. But foreigners who came to Switzerland to learn from Calvin – John Knox, for example – had to return to their own countries, where they were very much in a minority and therefore often had to ask for religious toleration. In general then the Calvinists became ‘anti-absolutists’, supporting the rights of minorities. In a sense this made them proto-democrats. It was another half-step towards modern political thinking. Bronowski and Mazlish, Op. cit., page 99.

39. Ibid., pages 105–106.

40. Manchester, Op. cit., page 193.

41. Ibid., page 195.

42. For the background, see: M. Creighton, A History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome, London: Longman, Greene & Co., 1919, pages 309ff.

43. Ibid., pages 322–323.

44. Ibid., pages 340ff.

45. Moynahan, Op. cit., page 421.

46. Manchester, Op. cit., page 199.

47. Ibid.

48. Ibid., page 201. A papal reform commission was installed in 1536 but the differences with the Protestants were too large. Moynahan, Op. cit., pages 422–423.

49. Manchester, Op. cit., pages 201–202.

50. Jardine, Worldly Goods, Op. cit., page 172.

51. Moynahan, Op. cit., page 432.

52. Ibid., page 440.

53. Sir Thomas More went so far as to say that Henry had more learning ‘than any English monarch ever possessed before him’. Manchester, Op. cit., page 203.

54. Ibid., page 203.

55. McGrath, In the Beginning: The Story of the King James Bible, Op. cit., page 72, for the exact dates of the translation.

56. Manchester, Op. cit., page 204.

57. Ibid. McGrath, Op. cit., page 72, for the rediscovery of the Cologne sheets.

58. McGrath, Op. cit., pages 75–76, for the quality of the English.

59. Manchester, Op. cit., page 205.

60. Bamber Gascoigne, The Christians, London: Jonathan Cape, 1977, page 186.

61. Ibid., page 186. Volterra was always known afterwards as ‘the breeches maker’.

62. MacCulloch, Op. cit., page 226.

63. Michael A. Mullet, The Catholic Reformation, London: Routledge, 1999, page 38.

64. Ibid., pages 38–39.

65. Ibid., page 40.

66. Ibid., page 45.

67. Ibid., page 47.