Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud

22. Ibid., pages 83–84 and William Chappell, Popular Music of the Olden Time, two volumes, London, 1855–1859.

23. Leavis, Op. cit., page 106; and see part 2, chapter 2, for the wide range of people who read Pilgrim’s Progress and Robinson Crusoe.

24. Hauser, Op. cit., page 53.

25. Ibid.

26. Leavis, Op. cit., pages 123 and 300.

27. Ibid., page 130. Other periodicals arrived as part of the same trend: the Gentleman’s Magazine was started in 1731, soon followed by the London Magazine, the Monthly Review in 1749, and the Critical Review in 1756.

28. Leavis, Op. cit., page 132.

29. Ibid., page 145.

30. Only Lucretius, with his early idea of evolution, can be said to have had an idea of progress.

31. Barnes, Op. cit., page 714.

32. Hampson, Op. cit., pages 80–82.

33. Roger Smith, The Fontana History of the Human Sciences, Op. cit., page 162.

34. Ibid., pages 158–159.

35. Ibid., page 162 and ref.

36. Alfred Cobban, In Search of Humanity: The Role of the Enlightenment in Modern History, London: Cape, 1960, page 69.

37. Boorstin, Op. cit., page 184.

38. Roger Smith, Op. cit., page 175.

39. Ibid., page 192.

40. Ibid., page 196.

41. Ibid., page 197; see Cobban, Op. cit., page 38, for Leibniz’ reluctance to accept some of Newton’s ideas.

42. Israel, Radical Enlightenment, Op. cit., especially pages 552ff.

43. Ibid., pages 436–437.

44. Cobban, Op. cit., page 210.

45. Ibid., page 208.

46. Ibid., page 211. Physiognomy became a craze in the late eighteenth century but a more enduring legacy of Kant’s approach was the founding of two journals in 1783. These were the Zeitschrift für empirische Psychologie (Journal for Empirical Psychology) and the Magazin für Erfahrungseelenkunde (Magazine for Empirical Knowledge of the Soul). With close links to medicine and physiology, this was another stage towards the founding of modern psychology.

47. Roger Smith, Op. cit., page 216.

48. Cobban, Op. cit., page 133.

49. L. G. Crocker, Nature and Culture: Ethical Thought in the French Enlightenment, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963, pages 479ff.

50. Roger Smith, Op. cit., page 221.

51. J. O. de La Mettrie, Man a Machine, La Salle: Open Court, 1961, page 117. (Translated by G. C. Bussey.)

52. Dror Wahrman, The Making of the Modern Self: Identity and Culture in Eighteenth Century England, New Haven: Yale, 2004, pages 182–184.

53. Ibid., pages 275–286.

54. James Buchan, Capital of the Mind, London: John Murray, 2003, page 5.

55. Ibid., pages 1–2.

56. Ibid., pages 174–179. And also helped developed laws. Cobban, Op. cit., page 99.

57. R. A. Houston, Social Change in the Age of Enlightenment: Edinburgh 1660–1760, Oxford: Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press, 1994, page 80.

58. Ibid., pages 8–9.

59. Buchan, Op. cit., page 243.

60. He was little read in the nineteenth century: as James Buchan puts it, ‘it was in the dark twentieth . . . that Hume was crowned the king of British philosophers’. He was dismissed from his first job for correcting his master’s English. Buchan, Op. cit., page 76.

61. Ibid., page 247 and ref.

62. Buckle, Hume’s Enlightenment Tract, Op. cit., pages 149–168.

63. Buchan, Op. cit., page 81.

64. Hawthorn, Op. cit., pages 32–33.

65. Buchan, Op. cit., page 247 and ref.

66. See Hawthorn, Op. cit., page 32, for the echoes of Hume in William James.

67. Buchan, Op. cit., page 81.

68. Buckle, Op. cit., pages 14–15.

69. Buchan, Op. cit., page 221.

70. Though Cobban, Op. cit., page 172, details other French and Swiss authors who anticipated Ferguson.

71. Buchan, Op. cit., page 222.

72. Frania Oz-Salzberger, Translating the Enlightenment: Scottish Civic Discourse in Eighteenth-Century Germany, Oxford: The Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press, 1995, especially chapter 4, ‘Ferguson’s Scottish contexts: life, ideas and interlocutors’.

73. Buchan, Op. cit., page 224.

74. Ibid., page 305.