Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud

38. See: Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen (translated by Kirby Olson in collaboration with Xavier Callahan and the author), Remembering Anna O. A Century of Mystification, New York and London: Routledge, 1996, pages 29–48.

39. Morton Schatzman, ‘Freud: who seduced whom?’, New Scientist, 21 March 1992, pages 34–37.

40. Esterson, Op. cit., page 52.

41. Anthony Clare, ‘That shrinking feeling’, The Sunday Times, 16 November 1997, page 8–10.

42. T. J. Clark, The Painting of Modern Life, Princeton, New Jersey, and London: Princeton University Press, 1984, page 25.

43. Ibid., page 30.

44. Ibid., pages 23ff.

45. Perkin, The Rise of Professional Society, Op. cit., page 80, for a table. For the same thesis applied to Germany, see: Geoffrey Cocks and Konrad H. Jarausch (editors), German Professions: 1800–1950, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane (editors), Modernism: A Guide to European Literature, 1890–1930, London: Penguin Books, 1976/1991, page 47.

46. Ibid., page 68.

47. Ibid., page 100.

48. Johnston, The Austrian Mind, Op. cit., pages 23 and 32; and Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle Vienna, Op. cit., page 19.

49. Schorske, Op. cit., page 19.

50. Bradbury and McFarlane (editors), Op. cit., page 37.

51. Robert Ferguson, Henrik Ibsen, London: Richard Cohen Books, 1996, page 321.

52. Everdell, The First Moderns, Op. cit., page 290. Franz Servaes, ‘Jung Berlin, I, II, III’, in Die Zeit (Vienna), 21 and 28 November, 5 December 1896.

53. Bradbury and McFarland (editors), Op. cit., page 499.

54. This was based on Ibsen’s anger towards his own countrymen. Ferguson. Op. cit., pages 269ff.

55. John Fletcher and James McFarlane, ‘Modernist drama: origins and patterns’, in Bradbury and McFarlane (editors), Op. cit., page 502.

56. Ibid., page 504.

57. Sandbach, Op. cit., page viii.

58. Ibid., page ix.

59. Frederich Marker and Lise-Lone Marker, Strindberg and Modernist Theatre, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2002, page 31; James McFarlane, ‘Intimate theatre: Maeterlinck to Strindberg’, in Bradbury and McFarlane (editors), Op. cit., pages 524–525.

60. Marker and Marker, Op. cit., pages 23ff.

61. Bradbury and McFarlane (editors), Op. cit., page 525.

62. André Malraux, Picasso’s Masks, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1976, pages 10–11.

63. Everdell, Op. cit., page 252; Fletcher and McFarlane, Op. cit., page 503.

64. Burrow, The Crisis of Reason, Op. cit., page 148.

65. Ibid.

66. Ibid., page 148.

67. Ibid., page 149.

68. Ibid.

69. Ibid., pages 162–163.

70. Roger Smith, The Fontana History of the Human Sciences, Op. cit., page 851 and ref.

71. Ibid., page 852 and ref.

72. Ibid., page 853. Curtis Cate, Nietzsche’s biographer, says he anticipated Freud, Adler and Jung in realising that an individual’s attitude to his or her past is essentially ambivalent. This can act as a stimulant, or the opposite. But the past can provide inspiration, a force for the will. Curtis Cate, Friedrich Nietzsche, London: Hutchinson, 2002, page 185.

73. Burrow, Op. cit., pages 189–190.

74. See Everdell, Op. cit., pages 1–12, for a discussion of what modernism is ‘and what it probably isn’t’. And page 63 for Seurat’s Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte as a candidate for the first modernist masterpiece. Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane, ‘The name and nature of modernism’, in Bradbury and McFarlane (editors), Op. cit., page 28.

75. Bradbury and McFarlane (editors), Op. cit., page 50.

76. James McFarlane, ‘The Mind of Modernism’, in Bradbury and McFarlane (editors), Op. cit., page 85.

CONCLUSION: THE ELECTRON, THE ELEMENTS AND THE ELUSIVE SELF

1. The Cavendish prize-winners included J. J. Thomson (1906), Ernest Rutherford (1908), W. L. Bragg (1915), F. W. Aston (1922), James Chadwick (1935), E. V. Appleton (1947), P. M. S. Blackett (1948), Francis Crick and James Watson (1962), Anthony Hewish and Martin Ryle (1974), and Peter Kapitza (1978). See: Jeffrey Hughes, ‘ “Brains in their finger-tips”: physics at the Cavendish Laboratory, 1880–1940’, in Richard Mason (editor), Cambridge Minds, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press/Canto, 1994, pages 160ff.