Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud

77. Fergal McGrath, The Consecration of Learning, Dublin: Gill & Son, 1962, pages 3–4.

78. Ibid., page 11.

79. Negley Harte, The University of London: 1836–1986, Dublin: Athlone Press, 1986, pages 67ff.

80. John Newman, The Idea of a University, London: Basil Montague Pickering, 1873/New Haven, Connecticut Yale University Press, 1996, page 88.

81. Ibid., page 123.

82. Ibid., page 133.

83. George M. Marsden, The Soul of the American University, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994, page 80.

84. Ibid., page 91. Daniel Boorstin says that a characteristic of American colleges was that they were less places of instruction than of worship – worship of the growing individual, and this is what links the two parts of this chapter: pragmatism and universities. See Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience, New York: Vintage, 1973, which also has a useful discussion of the shape of US education, including the many new degrees devised, pages 479–481.

85. Marsden, Op. cit., pages 51–52.

86. Brooks Mather Kelley, A History of Yale, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1974, pages 162–165. Yet at Yale, as late as 1886, ancient languages occupied a third of the students’ time. See Caroline Winterer, The Culture of Classicism, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002, pages 101–102.

87. Ibid., page 88. See Morison et al., Op. cit., pages 224–225, for statistics on the growth of American universities.

88. Marsden, Op. cit., page 153.

89. Abraham Flexner, Universities: American, English, German, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1930, page 124.

90. Samuel Eliot Morison (editor), The Development of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1930, pages 11 and 158.

91. Thomas P. Hughes, American Genesis, London: Penguin, 1990, page 14.

92. Ibid., page 241.

93. Ibid., page 16. Morison et al., Op. cit., page 53.

94. Hughes, Op. cit., page 105.

95. Gillian Cookson, The Cable: The Wire That Changed the World, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus, 2003, page 152.

CHAPTER 35: ENEMIES OF THE CROSS AND THE QURʾAN – THE END OF THE SOUL

1. A. N. Wilson, God’s Funeral, London: John Murray, 1999, page 133.

2. Ibid., page 160.

3. Ibid., page 4.

4. Ibid., page 189.

5. Ibid., page 193.

6. This is confirmed by a survey of influential books among ‘freethinkers’ published in 1905. See Edward Royle, Radicals, Secularists and Republicans, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1980, page 173.

7. Wilson, Op. cit., page 20.

8. Ibid., page 22.

9. Ibid., page 35.

10. Owen Chadwick, The Secularisation of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press/Canto, 1975/1985, page 21.

11. Ibid., page 23.

12. Ibid., page 27.

13. Alfred Cobban, In Search of Humanity: The Role of the Enlightenment in Modern History, London: Cape, 1966, page 236. See also Hawthorn, Enlightenment and Despair, Op. cit., pages 82–84.

14. Chadwick, Op. cit., page 28.

15. Ibid., pages 29–30; and Hawthorn, Op. cit., page 87.

16. Chadwick, Op. cit., page 37.

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., page 38.

19. But polarisation cut both ways. ‘The Pope of 1889 was far more influential than the Pope of 1839 because the later Pope was surrounded by the press [as] the earlier Pope was not.’ Ibid., page 41.

20. David Landes says the poor ‘entered the market as little as possible’. Unbound Prometheus, Op. cit., page 127.

21. Chadwick, Op. cit., page 46.

22. Ibid., page 47.

23. Again, Marx ranked highly with Gibbon on the list of influential books referred to earlier (see note 6 above). Royle, Op. cit., page 174.

24. Chadwick, Op. cit., page 57. Hawthorn, Op. cit., page 85, discusses the differences between Protestantism and Catholicism and what this meant for Marxism.

25. Chadwick, Op. cit., page 59.

26. Ibid., page 89.

27. Hofstadter, Op. cit., page 24, observes that Protestants were more likely to become atheists.

28. Chadwick, Op. cit., page 92.

29. Ibid., page 97.

30. Ibid., page 144.

31. Cobban, Op. cit., page 110. On Carlyle: Boorstin, The Americans, Op. cit., pages 246–247.

32. Chadwick, Op. cit., page 145.

33. Ibid., page 151.