Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud

103. Redmond O’Hanlon, Joseph Conrad and Charles Darwin, Edinburgh: Salamander Press, 1984, page 17.

104. D. C. R. A. Goonetilleke, Joseph Conrad: Beyond Culture and Background, London: Macmillan, 1990, pages 15ff.

105. Kingsley Widner, ‘Joseph Conrad’, in Dictionary of Literary Biography, Detroit: Bruccoli Clark, volume 34, 1988, pages 43–82.

106. Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood/Penguin, 1902/1995.

107. Goonetilleke, Op. cit., pages 88–91.

108. Conrad, Op. cit., page 20.

109. Goonetilleke, Op. cit., page 168.

110. Richard Curle, Joseph Conrad: A Study, London: Kegan Paul, French, Trübner, 1914.

111. In Occidentalism (London: Atlantic Books, 2004) Ian Buruma and Avishai Margalit identify the opposite sentiment to Orientalism, ‘the hostile stereotypes of the western world that fuel the hatred at the heart of such movements as al Qaeda’. They root this variously in pan-Germanic movements of the nineteenth century, which affected national feeling in the Arab world and in Japan in the twentieth century, in Persian Manicheanism, and in the differences between the Catholic and Greek orthodox Churches, with the latter, in Russia, fuelling an anti-rationalistic mentality.

112. Melvyn Bragg, The Adventure of English, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2003, page 1.

113. Ibid., page 3. But see also Geoffrey Hughes, A History of English Words, Oxford: Blackwell, 2000, page 99.

114. Bragg, Op. cit., page 28.

115. Hughes, Op. cit., pages xvii–xviii, for a chronology of English; and see also: Barbara A. Fennell, A History of English, Oxford: Blackwell, 2001, pages 55–93.

116. Bragg, Op. cit., page 23.

117. Osterhammel, Op. cit., pages 103–104, for a discussion of how colonisers affect (and often destroy) the language of the colonised.

118. Bragg, Op. cit., page 52.

119. Ibid., page 58.

120. Ibid., page 52.

121. Ibid., page 67.

122. M. T. Clanchy, England and Its Rulers (second edition), Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.

123. Not all conquerors impose their languages: See Osterhammel, Op. cit., page 95, for the different experiences of the Spanish and Dutch (in Indonesia) in this regard.

124. Bragg, Op. cit., page 85.

125. Ibid., page 101.

126. Hughes, Op. cit., pages 153–158.

127. Bragg, Op. cit., page 148.

128. Boorstin, The Americans: Op. cit., pages 275ff, for American ‘ways of talking’.

129. John Algeo (editor), The Cambridge History of the English Language, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, volume VI, 2001, pages 92–93 and 163–168 passim. See also Bragg, Op. cit., page 169.

130. Bragg, Op. cit., page 178.

131. Boorstin, Op. cit., page 287, says another derivation may have come from Old Kinderhook, the nickname for Martin van Buren, in his presidential campaign. He was supported by Democratic OK Clubs in New York.

132. Bragg, Op. cit., page 241.

133. For English around the world, see: Robert Burchfield, The Cambridge History of the English Language, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, volume V, 1994, especially chapter 10.

CHAPTER 34: THE AMERICAN MIND AND THE MODERN UNIVERSITY

1. Boris Ford (editor), The New Pelican Guide to English Literature, volume 9, American Literature, London: Penguin Books, 1967/1995, page 61.

2. Commager, The Empire of Reason, Op. cit., page 16f.

3. Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America, London: HarperCollins/Flamingo, 2001.

4. Menand, Op. cit., pages x–xii. See too Hofstadter, Op. cit., page 168, who also identifies what he calls ‘a renaissance’ in American thought.

5. Morison et al., Growth of the American Republic, Op. cit., page 209.

6. Menand, Op. cit., page 6. Harvey Wish, Society and Thought in Modern America, London: Longmans Green, 1952, adds Veblen, Sumner, Whitman, Dreiser and Pulitzer, Louis Sullivan and Winslow Homer to this list.

7. Brogan, The Penguin History of the United States, Op. cit., page 300. See also Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience, Op. cit., page 251.

8. Menand, Op. cit., page 19.